---
_id: '11401'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Tin selenide (SnSe) is considered a robust candidate for thermoelectric applications
    due to its very high thermoelectric figure of merit, ZT, with values of 2.6 in
    p-type and 2.8 in n-type single crystals. Sn has been replaced with various lower
    group dopants to achieve successful p-type doping in SnSe with high ZT values.
    A known, facile, and powerful alternative way to introduce a hole carrier is to
    use a natural single Sn vacancy, VSn. Through transport and scanning tunneling
    microscopy studies, we discovered that VSn are dominant in high-quality (slow
    cooling rate) SnSe single crystals, while multiple vacancies, Vmulti, are dominant
    in low-quality (high cooling rate) single crystals. Surprisingly, both VSn and
    Vmulti help to increase the power factors of SnSe, whereas samples with dominant
    VSn have superior thermoelectric properties in SnSe single crystals. Additionally,
    the observation that Vmulti are good p-type sources observed in relatively low-quality
    single crystals is useful in thermoelectric applications because polycrystalline
    SnSe can be used due to its mechanical strength; this substance is usually fabricated
    at very high cooling speeds.
acknowledgement: This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea
  [NRF-2019R1F1A1058473, NRF-2019R1A6A1A11053838, and NRF-2020K1A4A7A02095438].
article_number: '42'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Van Quang
  full_name: Nguyen, Van Quang
  last_name: Nguyen
- first_name: Thi Ly
  full_name: Trinh, Thi Ly
  last_name: Trinh
- first_name: Cheng
  full_name: Chang, Cheng
  id: 9E331C2E-9F27-11E9-AE48-5033E6697425
  last_name: Chang
  orcid: 0000-0002-9515-4277
- first_name: Li Dong
  full_name: Zhao, Li Dong
  last_name: Zhao
- first_name: Thi Huong
  full_name: Nguyen, Thi Huong
  last_name: Nguyen
- first_name: Van Thiet
  full_name: Duong, Van Thiet
  last_name: Duong
- first_name: Anh Tuan
  full_name: Duong, Anh Tuan
  last_name: Duong
- first_name: Jong Ho
  full_name: Park, Jong Ho
  last_name: Park
- first_name: Sudong
  full_name: Park, Sudong
  last_name: Park
- first_name: Jungdae
  full_name: Kim, Jungdae
  last_name: Kim
- first_name: Sunglae
  full_name: Cho, Sunglae
  last_name: Cho
citation:
  ama: 'Nguyen VQ, Trinh TL, Chang C, et al. Unidentified major p-type source in SnSe:
    Multivacancies. <i>NPG Asia Materials</i>. 2022;14. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5">10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5</a>'
  apa: 'Nguyen, V. Q., Trinh, T. L., Chang, C., Zhao, L. D., Nguyen, T. H., Duong,
    V. T., … Cho, S. (2022). Unidentified major p-type source in SnSe: Multivacancies.
    <i>NPG Asia Materials</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5</a>'
  chicago: 'Nguyen, Van Quang, Thi Ly Trinh, Cheng Chang, Li Dong Zhao, Thi Huong
    Nguyen, Van Thiet Duong, Anh Tuan Duong, et al. “Unidentified Major P-Type Source
    in SnSe: Multivacancies.” <i>NPG Asia Materials</i>. Springer Nature, 2022. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5</a>.'
  ieee: 'V. Q. Nguyen <i>et al.</i>, “Unidentified major p-type source in SnSe: Multivacancies,”
    <i>NPG Asia Materials</i>, vol. 14. Springer Nature, 2022.'
  ista: 'Nguyen VQ, Trinh TL, Chang C, Zhao LD, Nguyen TH, Duong VT, Duong AT, Park
    JH, Park S, Kim J, Cho S. 2022. Unidentified major p-type source in SnSe: Multivacancies.
    NPG Asia Materials. 14, 42.'
  mla: 'Nguyen, Van Quang, et al. “Unidentified Major P-Type Source in SnSe: Multivacancies.”
    <i>NPG Asia Materials</i>, vol. 14, 42, Springer Nature, 2022, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5">10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5</a>.'
  short: V.Q. Nguyen, T.L. Trinh, C. Chang, L.D. Zhao, T.H. Nguyen, V.T. Duong, A.T.
    Duong, J.H. Park, S. Park, J. Kim, S. Cho, NPG Asia Materials 14 (2022).
date_created: 2022-05-22T22:01:40Z
date_published: 2022-05-13T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-03T07:13:58Z
day: '13'
ddc:
- '540'
department:
- _id: MaIb
doi: 10.1038/s41427-022-00393-5
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000794880200001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 0579997cc1d28bf66e29357e08e3e39d
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2022-05-23T06:47:57Z
  date_updated: 2022-05-23T06:47:57Z
  file_id: '11404'
  file_name: 2022_NPGAsiaMaterials_Nguyen.pdf
  file_size: 6202545
  relation: main_file
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file_date_updated: 2022-05-23T06:47:57Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        14'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: NPG Asia Materials
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1884-4057
  issn:
  - 1884-4049
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Unidentified major p-type source in SnSe: Multivacancies'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 14
year: '2022'
...