---
_id: '7282'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Interphases that form on the anode surface of lithium-ion batteries are critical
    for performance and lifetime, but are poorly understood. Now, a decade-old misconception
    regarding a main component of the interphase has been revealed, which could potentially
    lead to improved devices.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: letter_note
author:
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
citation:
  ama: Freunberger SA. Interphase identity crisis. <i>Nature Chemistry</i>. 2019;11(9):761-763.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0">10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0</a>
  apa: Freunberger, S. A. (2019). Interphase identity crisis. <i>Nature Chemistry</i>.
    Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0</a>
  chicago: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander. “Interphase Identity Crisis.” <i>Nature
    Chemistry</i>. Springer Nature, 2019. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0</a>.
  ieee: S. A. Freunberger, “Interphase identity crisis,” <i>Nature Chemistry</i>,
    vol. 11, no. 9. Springer Nature, pp. 761–763, 2019.
  ista: Freunberger SA. 2019. Interphase identity crisis. Nature Chemistry. 11(9),
    761–763.
  mla: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander. “Interphase Identity Crisis.” <i>Nature Chemistry</i>,
    vol. 11, no. 9, Springer Nature, 2019, pp. 761–63, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0">10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0</a>.
  short: S.A. Freunberger, Nature Chemistry 11 (2019) 761–763.
date_created: 2020-01-15T12:12:53Z
date_published: 2019-08-19T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:12:44Z
day: '19'
ddc:
- '540'
- '547'
doi: 10.1038/s41557-019-0311-0
extern: '1'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 76806cff3d5b62f846499a8617cee7ef
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: sfreunbe
  date_created: 2020-06-29T15:38:21Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:55Z
  file_id: '8054'
  file_name: Freunberger on Eichhorn.pdf
  file_size: 286805
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:47:55Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        11'
issue: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Submitted Version
page: 761-763
publication: Nature Chemistry
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1755-4330
  - 1755-4349
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Interphase identity crisis
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 11
year: '2019'
...
---
_id: '7305'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: When lithium–oxygen batteries discharge, O2 is reduced at the cathode to form
    solid Li2O2. Understanding the fundamental mechanism of O2 reduction in aprotic
    solvents is therefore essential to realizing their technological potential. Two
    different models have been proposed for Li2O2 formation, involving either solution
    or electrode surface routes. Here, we describe a single unified mechanism, which,
    unlike previous models, can explain O2 reduction across the whole range of solvents
    and for which the two previous models are limiting cases. We observe that the
    solvent influences O2 reduction through its effect on the solubility of LiO2,
    or, more precisely, the free energy of the reaction LiO2* ⇌ Li(sol)+ + O2−(sol) + ion
    pairs + higher aggregates (clusters). The unified mechanism shows that low-donor-number
    solvents are likely to lead to premature cell death, and that the future direction
    of research for lithium–oxygen batteries should focus on the search for new, stable,
    high-donor-number electrolytes, because they can support higher capacities and
    can better sustain discharge.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Lee
  full_name: Johnson, Lee
  last_name: Johnson
- first_name: Chunmei
  full_name: Li, Chunmei
  last_name: Li
- first_name: Zheng
  full_name: Liu, Zheng
  last_name: Liu
- first_name: Yuhui
  full_name: Chen, Yuhui
  last_name: Chen
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
- first_name: Praveen C.
  full_name: Ashok, Praveen C.
  last_name: Ashok
- first_name: Bavishna B.
  full_name: Praveen, Bavishna B.
  last_name: Praveen
- first_name: Kishan
  full_name: Dholakia, Kishan
  last_name: Dholakia
- first_name: Jean-Marie
  full_name: Tarascon, Jean-Marie
  last_name: Tarascon
- first_name: Peter G.
  full_name: Bruce, Peter G.
  last_name: Bruce
citation:
  ama: Johnson L, Li C, Liu Z, et al. The role of LiO2 solubility in O2 reduction
    in aprotic solvents and its consequences for Li–O2 batteries. <i>Nature Chemistry</i>.
    2014;6(12):1091-1099. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2101">10.1038/nchem.2101</a>
  apa: Johnson, L., Li, C., Liu, Z., Chen, Y., Freunberger, S. A., Ashok, P. C., …
    Bruce, P. G. (2014). The role of LiO2 solubility in O2 reduction in aprotic solvents
    and its consequences for Li–O2 batteries. <i>Nature Chemistry</i>. Springer Nature.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2101">https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2101</a>
  chicago: Johnson, Lee, Chunmei Li, Zheng Liu, Yuhui Chen, Stefan Alexander Freunberger,
    Praveen C. Ashok, Bavishna B. Praveen, Kishan Dholakia, Jean-Marie Tarascon, and
    Peter G. Bruce. “The Role of LiO2 Solubility in O2 Reduction in Aprotic Solvents
    and Its Consequences for Li–O2 Batteries.” <i>Nature Chemistry</i>. Springer Nature,
    2014. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2101">https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2101</a>.
  ieee: L. Johnson <i>et al.</i>, “The role of LiO2 solubility in O2 reduction in
    aprotic solvents and its consequences for Li–O2 batteries,” <i>Nature Chemistry</i>,
    vol. 6, no. 12. Springer Nature, pp. 1091–1099, 2014.
  ista: Johnson L, Li C, Liu Z, Chen Y, Freunberger SA, Ashok PC, Praveen BB, Dholakia
    K, Tarascon J-M, Bruce PG. 2014. The role of LiO2 solubility in O2 reduction in
    aprotic solvents and its consequences for Li–O2 batteries. Nature Chemistry. 6(12),
    1091–1099.
  mla: Johnson, Lee, et al. “The Role of LiO2 Solubility in O2 Reduction in Aprotic
    Solvents and Its Consequences for Li–O2 Batteries.” <i>Nature Chemistry</i>, vol.
    6, no. 12, Springer Nature, 2014, pp. 1091–99, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2101">10.1038/nchem.2101</a>.
  short: L. Johnson, C. Li, Z. Liu, Y. Chen, S.A. Freunberger, P.C. Ashok, B.B. Praveen,
    K. Dholakia, J.-M. Tarascon, P.G. Bruce, Nature Chemistry 6 (2014) 1091–1099.
date_created: 2020-01-15T12:18:18Z
date_published: 2014-11-10T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:12:55Z
day: '10'
doi: 10.1038/nchem.2101
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
issue: '12'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '11'
oa_version: None
page: 1091-1099
publication: Nature Chemistry
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1755-4330
  - 1755-4349
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  link:
  - relation: erratum
    url: https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2138
status: public
title: The role of LiO2 solubility in O2 reduction in aprotic solvents and its consequences
  for Li–O2 batteries
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 6
year: '2014'
...
---
_id: '7307'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The non-aqueous Li–air (O2) battery is receiving intense interest because
    its theoretical specific energy exceeds that of Li-ion batteries. Recharging the
    Li–O2 battery depends on oxidizing solid lithium peroxide (Li2O2), which is formed
    on discharge within the porous cathode. However, transporting charge between Li2O2
    particles and the solid electrode surface is at best very difficult and leads
    to voltage polarization on charging, even at modest rates. This is a significant
    problem facing the non-aqueous Li–O2 battery. Here we show that incorporation
    of a redox mediator, tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), enables recharging at rates that
    are impossible for the cell in the absence of the mediator. On charging, TTF is
    oxidized to TTF+ at the cathode surface; TTF+ in turn oxidizes the solid Li2O2,
    which results in the regeneration of TTF. The mediator acts as an electron–hole
    transfer agent that permits efficient oxidation of solid Li2O2. The cell with
    the mediator demonstrated 100 charge/discharge cycles.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Yuhui
  full_name: Chen, Yuhui
  last_name: Chen
- first_name: Stefan Alexander
  full_name: Freunberger, Stefan Alexander
  id: A8CA28E6-CE23-11E9-AD2D-EC27E6697425
  last_name: Freunberger
  orcid: 0000-0003-2902-5319
- first_name: Zhangquan
  full_name: Peng, Zhangquan
  last_name: Peng
- first_name: Olivier
  full_name: Fontaine, Olivier
  last_name: Fontaine
- first_name: Peter G.
  full_name: Bruce, Peter G.
  last_name: Bruce
citation:
  ama: Chen Y, Freunberger SA, Peng Z, Fontaine O, Bruce PG. Charging a Li–O2 battery
    using a redox mediator. <i>Nature Chemistry</i>. 2013;5(6):489-494. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1646">10.1038/nchem.1646</a>
  apa: Chen, Y., Freunberger, S. A., Peng, Z., Fontaine, O., &#38; Bruce, P. G. (2013).
    Charging a Li–O2 battery using a redox mediator. <i>Nature Chemistry</i>. Springer
    Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1646">https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1646</a>
  chicago: Chen, Yuhui, Stefan Alexander Freunberger, Zhangquan Peng, Olivier Fontaine,
    and Peter G. Bruce. “Charging a Li–O2 Battery Using a Redox Mediator.” <i>Nature
    Chemistry</i>. Springer Nature, 2013. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1646">https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1646</a>.
  ieee: Y. Chen, S. A. Freunberger, Z. Peng, O. Fontaine, and P. G. Bruce, “Charging
    a Li–O2 battery using a redox mediator,” <i>Nature Chemistry</i>, vol. 5, no.
    6. Springer Nature, pp. 489–494, 2013.
  ista: Chen Y, Freunberger SA, Peng Z, Fontaine O, Bruce PG. 2013. Charging a Li–O2
    battery using a redox mediator. Nature Chemistry. 5(6), 489–494.
  mla: Chen, Yuhui, et al. “Charging a Li–O2 Battery Using a Redox Mediator.” <i>Nature
    Chemistry</i>, vol. 5, no. 6, Springer Nature, 2013, pp. 489–94, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.1646">10.1038/nchem.1646</a>.
  short: Y. Chen, S.A. Freunberger, Z. Peng, O. Fontaine, P.G. Bruce, Nature Chemistry
    5 (2013) 489–494.
date_created: 2020-01-15T12:18:43Z
date_published: 2013-05-12T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:12:56Z
day: '12'
doi: 10.1038/nchem.1646
extern: '1'
intvolume: '         5'
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa_version: None
page: 489-494
publication: Nature Chemistry
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 1755-4330
  - 1755-4349
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Charging a Li–O2 battery using a redox mediator
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 5
year: '2013'
...