---
_id: '11379'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Bernal-stacked multilayer graphene is a versatile platform to explore quantum
    transport phenomena and interaction physics due to its exceptional tunability
    via electrostatic gating. For instance, upon applying a perpendicular electric
    field, its band structure exhibits several off-center Dirac points (so-called
    Dirac gullies) in each valley. Here, the formation of Dirac gullies and the interaction-induced
    breakdown of gully coherence is explored via magnetotransport measurements in
    high-quality Bernal-stacked (ABA) trilayer graphene. At zero magnetic field, multiple
    Lifshitz transitions indicating the formation of Dirac gullies are identified.
    In the quantum Hall regime, the emergence of Dirac gullies is evident as an increase
    in Landau level degeneracy. When tuning both electric and magnetic fields, electron–electron
    interactions can be controllably enhanced until, beyond critical electric and
    magnetic fields, the gully degeneracy is eventually lifted. The arising correlated
    ground state is consistent with a previously predicted nematic phase that spontaneously
    breaks the rotational gully symmetry.
acknowledgement: "We acknowledge funding from the Center for Nanoscience (CeNS) and
  by the Deutsche\r\nForschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under
  Germany’s Excellence Strategy-EXC-2111-390814868 (MCQST). K.W. and T.T. acknowledge
  support from the Elemental Strategy Initiative conducted by the MEXT, Japan (Grant
  Number PMXP0112101001) and JSPS KAKENHI (Grant Numbers 19H05790 and JP20H00354)."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Felix
  full_name: Winterer, Felix
  last_name: Winterer
- first_name: Anna M.
  full_name: Seiler, Anna M.
  last_name: Seiler
- first_name: Areg
  full_name: Ghazaryan, Areg
  id: 4AF46FD6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Ghazaryan
  orcid: 0000-0001-9666-3543
- first_name: Fabian R.
  full_name: Geisenhof, Fabian R.
  last_name: Geisenhof
- first_name: Kenji
  full_name: Watanabe, Kenji
  last_name: Watanabe
- first_name: Takashi
  full_name: Taniguchi, Takashi
  last_name: Taniguchi
- first_name: Maksym
  full_name: Serbyn, Maksym
  id: 47809E7E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Serbyn
  orcid: 0000-0002-2399-5827
- first_name: R. Thomas
  full_name: Weitz, R. Thomas
  last_name: Weitz
citation:
  ama: Winterer F, Seiler AM, Ghazaryan A, et al. Spontaneous gully-polarized quantum
    hall states in ABA trilayer graphene. <i>Nano Letters</i>. 2022;22(8):3317-3322.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435">10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435</a>
  apa: Winterer, F., Seiler, A. M., Ghazaryan, A., Geisenhof, F. R., Watanabe, K.,
    Taniguchi, T., … Weitz, R. T. (2022). Spontaneous gully-polarized quantum hall
    states in ABA trilayer graphene. <i>Nano Letters</i>. American Chemical Society.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435</a>
  chicago: Winterer, Felix, Anna M. Seiler, Areg Ghazaryan, Fabian R. Geisenhof, Kenji
    Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Maksym Serbyn, and R. Thomas Weitz. “Spontaneous
    Gully-Polarized Quantum Hall States in ABA Trilayer Graphene.” <i>Nano Letters</i>.
    American Chemical Society, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435</a>.
  ieee: F. Winterer <i>et al.</i>, “Spontaneous gully-polarized quantum hall states
    in ABA trilayer graphene,” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 22, no. 8. American Chemical
    Society, pp. 3317–3322, 2022.
  ista: Winterer F, Seiler AM, Ghazaryan A, Geisenhof FR, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T,
    Serbyn M, Weitz RT. 2022. Spontaneous gully-polarized quantum hall states in ABA
    trilayer graphene. Nano Letters. 22(8), 3317–3322.
  mla: Winterer, Felix, et al. “Spontaneous Gully-Polarized Quantum Hall States in
    ABA Trilayer Graphene.” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 22, no. 8, American Chemical
    Society, 2022, pp. 3317–22, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435">10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435</a>.
  short: F. Winterer, A.M. Seiler, A. Ghazaryan, F.R. Geisenhof, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi,
    M. Serbyn, R.T. Weitz, Nano Letters 22 (2022) 3317–3322.
date_created: 2022-05-15T22:01:41Z
date_published: 2022-04-27T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-03T07:12:45Z
day: '27'
department:
- _id: MaSe
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00435
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2109.00556'
  isi:
  - '000809056900019'
intvolume: '        22'
isi: 1
issue: '8'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: ' https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2109.00556'
month: '04'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: 3317-3322
publication: Nano Letters
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - '15306992'
  issn:
  - '15306984'
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Spontaneous gully-polarized quantum hall states in ABA trilayer graphene
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 22
year: '2022'
...
---
_id: '23'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The strong atomistic spin–orbit coupling of holes makes single-shot spin readout
    measurements difficult because it reduces the spin lifetimes. By integrating the
    charge sensor into a high bandwidth radio frequency reflectometry setup, we were
    able to demonstrate single-shot readout of a germanium quantum dot hole spin and
    measure the spin lifetime. Hole spin relaxation times of about 90 μs at 500 mT
    are reported, with a total readout visibility of about 70%. By analyzing separately
    the spin-to-charge conversion and charge readout fidelities, we have obtained
    insight into the processes limiting the visibilities of hole spins. The analyses
    suggest that high hole visibilities are feasible at realistic experimental conditions,
    underlying the potential of hole spins for the realization of viable qubit devices.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
- _id: NanoFab
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Lada
  full_name: Vukušić, Lada
  id: 31E9F056-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vukušić
  orcid: 0000-0003-2424-8636
- first_name: Josip
  full_name: Kukucka, Josip
  id: 3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kukucka
- first_name: Hannes
  full_name: Watzinger, Hannes
  id: 35DF8E50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Watzinger
- first_name: Joshua M
  full_name: Milem, Joshua M
  id: 4CDE0A96-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Milem
- first_name: Friedrich
  full_name: Schäffler, Friedrich
  last_name: Schäffler
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Katsaros, Georgios
  id: 38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Katsaros
  orcid: 0000-0001-8342-202X
citation:
  ama: Vukušić L, Kukucka J, Watzinger H, Milem JM, Schäffler F, Katsaros G. Single-shot
    readout of hole spins in Ge. <i>Nano Letters</i>. 2018;18(11):7141-7145. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217">10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217</a>
  apa: Vukušić, L., Kukucka, J., Watzinger, H., Milem, J. M., Schäffler, F., &#38;
    Katsaros, G. (2018). Single-shot readout of hole spins in Ge. <i>Nano Letters</i>.
    American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217</a>
  chicago: Vukušić, Lada, Josip Kukucka, Hannes Watzinger, Joshua M Milem, Friedrich
    Schäffler, and Georgios Katsaros. “Single-Shot Readout of Hole Spins in Ge.” <i>Nano
    Letters</i>. American Chemical Society, 2018. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217</a>.
  ieee: L. Vukušić, J. Kukucka, H. Watzinger, J. M. Milem, F. Schäffler, and G. Katsaros,
    “Single-shot readout of hole spins in Ge,” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 18, no. 11.
    American Chemical Society, pp. 7141–7145, 2018.
  ista: Vukušić L, Kukucka J, Watzinger H, Milem JM, Schäffler F, Katsaros G. 2018.
    Single-shot readout of hole spins in Ge. Nano Letters. 18(11), 7141–7145.
  mla: Vukušić, Lada, et al. “Single-Shot Readout of Hole Spins in Ge.” <i>Nano Letters</i>,
    vol. 18, no. 11, American Chemical Society, 2018, pp. 7141–45, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217">10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217</a>.
  short: L. Vukušić, J. Kukucka, H. Watzinger, J.M. Milem, F. Schäffler, G. Katsaros,
    Nano Letters 18 (2018) 7141–7145.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:44:13Z
date_published: 2018-10-25T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-18T09:30:37Z
day: '25'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: GeKa
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b03217
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000451102100064'
  pmid:
  - '30359041'
file:
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  checksum: 3e6034a94c6b5335e939145d88bdb371
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: system
  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:16:08Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:37Z
  file_id: '5194'
  file_name: IST-2018-1065-v1+1_ACS_nanoletters_8b03217.pdf
  file_size: 1361441
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:45:37Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        18'
isi: 1
issue: '11'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 7141 - 7145
pmid: 1
project:
- _id: 25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FP7
  grant_number: '335497'
  name: Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires
publication: Nano Letters
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - '15306984'
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
publist_id: '8032'
pubrep_id: '1065'
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '7977'
    relation: popular_science
  - id: '69'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
  - id: '7996'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Single-shot readout of hole spins in Ge
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 18
year: '2018'
...
---
_id: '840'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Heavy holes confined in quantum dots are predicted to be promising candidates
    for the realization of spin qubits with long coherence times. Here we focus on
    such heavy-hole states confined in germanium hut wires. By tuning the growth density
    of the latter we can realize a T-like structure between two neighboring wires.
    Such a structure allows the realization of a charge sensor, which is electrostatically
    and tunnel coupled to a quantum dot, with charge-transfer signals as high as 0.3
    e. By integrating the T-like structure into a radiofrequency reflectometry setup,
    single-shot measurements allowing the extraction of hole tunneling times are performed.
    The extracted tunneling times of less than 10 μs are attributed to the small effective
    mass of Ge heavy-hole states and pave the way toward projective spin readout measurements.
acknowledged_ssus:
- _id: M-Shop
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Lada
  full_name: Vukusic, Lada
  id: 31E9F056-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Vukusic
  orcid: 0000-0003-2424-8636
- first_name: Josip
  full_name: Kukucka, Josip
  id: 3F5D8856-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kukucka
- first_name: Hannes
  full_name: Watzinger, Hannes
  id: 35DF8E50-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Watzinger
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Katsaros, Georgios
  id: 38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Katsaros
  orcid: 0000-0001-8342-202X
citation:
  ama: Vukušić L, Kukucka J, Watzinger H, Katsaros G. Fast hole tunneling times in
    germanium hut wires probed by single-shot reflectometry. <i>Nano Letters</i>.
    2017;17(9):5706-5710. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627">10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627</a>
  apa: Vukušić, L., Kukucka, J., Watzinger, H., &#38; Katsaros, G. (2017). Fast hole
    tunneling times in germanium hut wires probed by single-shot reflectometry. <i>Nano
    Letters</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627</a>
  chicago: Vukušić, Lada, Josip Kukucka, Hannes Watzinger, and Georgios Katsaros.
    “Fast Hole Tunneling Times in Germanium Hut Wires Probed by Single-Shot Reflectometry.”
    <i>Nano Letters</i>. American Chemical Society, 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627</a>.
  ieee: L. Vukušić, J. Kukucka, H. Watzinger, and G. Katsaros, “Fast hole tunneling
    times in germanium hut wires probed by single-shot reflectometry,” <i>Nano Letters</i>,
    vol. 17, no. 9. American Chemical Society, pp. 5706–5710, 2017.
  ista: Vukušić L, Kukucka J, Watzinger H, Katsaros G. 2017. Fast hole tunneling times
    in germanium hut wires probed by single-shot reflectometry. Nano Letters. 17(9),
    5706–5710.
  mla: Vukušić, Lada, et al. “Fast Hole Tunneling Times in Germanium Hut Wires Probed
    by Single-Shot Reflectometry.” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 17, no. 9, American Chemical
    Society, 2017, pp. 5706–10, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627">10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627</a>.
  short: L. Vukušić, J. Kukucka, H. Watzinger, G. Katsaros, Nano Letters 17 (2017)
    5706–5710.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:48:47Z
date_published: 2017-08-10T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-26T15:50:22Z
day: '10'
ddc:
- '539'
department:
- _id: GeKa
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b02627
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000411043500078'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 761371a0129b2aa442424b9561450ece
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: system
  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:12:33Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:13Z
  file_id: '4951'
  file_name: IST-2017-865-v1+1_acs.nanolett.7b02627.pdf
  file_size: 2449546
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:13Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
isi: 1
issue: '9'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 5706 - 5710
project:
- _id: 25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FP7
  grant_number: '335497'
  name: Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires
publication: Nano Letters
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - '15306984'
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
publist_id: '6808'
pubrep_id: '865'
quality_controlled: '1'
related_material:
  record:
  - id: '7977'
    relation: popular_science
  - id: '69'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
  - id: '7996'
    relation: dissertation_contains
    status: public
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Fast hole tunneling times in germanium hut wires probed by single-shot reflectometry
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 17
year: '2017'
...
---
_id: '988'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The current-phase relation (CPR) of a Josephson junction (JJ) determines how
    the supercurrent evolves with the superconducting phase difference across the
    junction. Knowledge of the CPR is essential in order to understand the response
    of a JJ to various external parameters. Despite the rising interest in ultraclean
    encapsulated graphene JJs, the CPR of such junctions remains unknown. Here, we
    use a fully gate-tunable graphene superconducting quantum intereference device
    (SQUID) to determine the CPR of ballistic graphene JJs. Each of the two JJs in
    the SQUID is made with graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride. By independently
    controlling the critical current of the JJs, we can operate the SQUID either in
    a symmetric or asymmetric configuration. The highly asymmetric SQUID allows us
    to phase-bias one of the JJs and thereby directly obtain its CPR. The CPR is found
    to be skewed, deviating significantly from a sinusoidal form. The skewness can
    be tuned with the gate voltage and oscillates in antiphase with Fabry-Pérot resistance
    oscillations of the ballistic graphene cavity. We compare our experiments with
    tight-binding calculations that include realistic graphene-superconductor interfaces
    and find a good qualitative agreement.
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Gaurav
  full_name: Nanda, Gaurav
  last_name: Nanda
- first_name: Juan L
  full_name: Aguilera Servin, Juan L
  id: 2A67C376-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Aguilera Servin
  orcid: 0000-0002-2862-8372
- first_name: Péter
  full_name: Rakyta, Péter
  last_name: Rakyta
- first_name: Andor
  full_name: Kormányos, Andor
  last_name: Kormányos
- first_name: Reinhold
  full_name: Kleiner, Reinhold
  last_name: Kleiner
- first_name: Dieter
  full_name: Koelle, Dieter
  last_name: Koelle
- first_name: Kazuo
  full_name: Watanabe, Kazuo
  last_name: Watanabe
- first_name: Takashi
  full_name: Taniguchi, Takashi
  last_name: Taniguchi
- first_name: Lieven
  full_name: Vandersypen, Lieven
  last_name: Vandersypen
- first_name: Srijit
  full_name: Goswami, Srijit
  last_name: Goswami
citation:
  ama: Nanda G, Aguilera Servin JL, Rakyta P, et al. Current-phase relation of ballistic
    graphene Josephson junctions. <i>Nano Letters</i>. 2017;17(6):3396-3401. doi:<a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097">10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097</a>
  apa: Nanda, G., Aguilera Servin, J. L., Rakyta, P., Kormányos, A., Kleiner, R.,
    Koelle, D., … Goswami, S. (2017). Current-phase relation of ballistic graphene
    Josephson junctions. <i>Nano Letters</i>. American Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097</a>
  chicago: Nanda, Gaurav, Juan L Aguilera Servin, Péter Rakyta, Andor Kormányos, Reinhold
    Kleiner, Dieter Koelle, Kazuo Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Lieven Vandersypen,
    and Srijit Goswami. “Current-Phase Relation of Ballistic Graphene Josephson Junctions.”
    <i>Nano Letters</i>. American Chemical Society, 2017. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097">https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097</a>.
  ieee: G. Nanda <i>et al.</i>, “Current-phase relation of ballistic graphene Josephson
    junctions,” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 17, no. 6. American Chemical Society, pp.
    3396–3401, 2017.
  ista: Nanda G, Aguilera Servin JL, Rakyta P, Kormányos A, Kleiner R, Koelle D, Watanabe
    K, Taniguchi T, Vandersypen L, Goswami S. 2017. Current-phase relation of ballistic
    graphene Josephson junctions. Nano Letters. 17(6), 3396–3401.
  mla: Nanda, Gaurav, et al. “Current-Phase Relation of Ballistic Graphene Josephson
    Junctions.” <i>Nano Letters</i>, vol. 17, no. 6, American Chemical Society, 2017,
    pp. 3396–401, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097">10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097</a>.
  short: G. Nanda, J.L. Aguilera Servin, P. Rakyta, A. Kormányos, R. Kleiner, D. Koelle,
    K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, L. Vandersypen, S. Goswami, Nano Letters 17 (2017)
    3396–3401.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:49:33Z
date_published: 2017-05-05T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-09-22T09:56:21Z
day: '05'
ddc:
- '621'
department:
- _id: NanoFab
doi: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00097
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000403631600011'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 22021daa90cf13b01becd776838acb7b
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: system
  date_created: 2018-12-12T10:13:50Z
  date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:18Z
  file_id: '5037'
  file_name: IST-2017-826-v1+1_2017_Aguilera-Servin_Current.pdf
  file_size: 508638
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2020-07-14T12:48:18Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '        17'
isi: 1
issue: '6'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '05'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 3396 - 3401
publication: Nano Letters
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - '15306984'
publication_status: published
publisher: American Chemical Society
publist_id: '6412'
pubrep_id: '826'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Current-phase relation of ballistic graphene Josephson junctions
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by_nc_nd.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International
    (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)
  short: CC BY-NC-ND (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1
volume: 17
year: '2017'
...