---
_id: '12620'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "Debris-covered glaciers are increasingly studied because it is assumed that
    debris cover extent and thickness could increase in a warming climate, with more
    regular rockfalls from the surrounding slopes and more englacial melt-out material.
    Debris energy-balance models have been developed to account for the melt rate
    enhancement/reduction due to a thin/thick debris layer, respectively. However,
    such models require a large amount of input data that are not often available,
    especially in remote mountain areas such as the Himalaya, and can be difficult
    to extrapolate. Due to their lower data requirements, empirical models have been
    used extensively in clean glacier melt modelling. For debris-covered glaciers,
    however, they generally simplify the debris effect by using a single melt-reduction
    factor which does not account for the influence of varying debris thickness on
    melt and prescribe a constant reduction for the entire melt across a glacier.\r\n\r\nIn
    this paper, we present a new temperature-index model that accounts for debris
    thickness in the computation of melt rates at the debris-ice interface. The model
    empirical parameters are optimized at the point scale for varying debris thicknesses
    against melt rates simulated by a physically-based debris energy balance model.
    The latter is validated against ablation stake readings and surface temperature
    measurements. Each parameter is then related to a plausible set of debris thickness
    values to provide a general and transferable parameterization. We develop the
    model on Miage Glacier, Italy, and then test its transferability on Haut Glacier
    d’Arolla, Switzerland.\r\n\r\nThe performance of the new debris temperature-index
    (DETI) model in simulating the glacier melt rate at the point scale is comparable
    to the one of the physically based approach, and the definition of model parameters
    as a function of debris thickness allows the simulation of the nonlinear relationship
    of melt rate to debris thickness, summarised by the Østrem curve. Its large number
    of parameters might be a limitation, but we show that the model is transferable
    in time and space to a second glacier with little loss of performance. We thus
    suggest that the new DETI model can be included in continuous mass balance models
    of debris-covered glaciers, because of its limited data requirements. As such,
    we expect its application to lead to an improvement in simulations of the debris-covered
    glacier response to climate in comparison with models that simply recalibrate
    empirical parameters to prescribe a constant across glacier reduction in melt."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Carenzo, M.
  last_name: Carenzo
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: J.
  full_name: Mabillard, J.
  last_name: Mabillard
- first_name: T.
  full_name: Reid, T.
  last_name: Reid
- first_name: B.W.
  full_name: Brock, B.W.
  last_name: Brock
citation:
  ama: Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Mabillard J, Reid T, Brock BW. An enhanced temperature
    index model for debris-covered glaciers accounting for thickness effect. <i>Advances
    in Water Resources</i>. 2016;94:457-469. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001">10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001</a>
  apa: Carenzo, M., Pellicciotti, F., Mabillard, J., Reid, T., &#38; Brock, B. W.
    (2016). An enhanced temperature index model for debris-covered glaciers accounting
    for thickness effect. <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001</a>
  chicago: Carenzo, M., Francesca Pellicciotti, J. Mabillard, T. Reid, and B.W. Brock.
    “An Enhanced Temperature Index Model for Debris-Covered Glaciers Accounting for
    Thickness Effect.” <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>. Elsevier, 2016. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001</a>.
  ieee: M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, J. Mabillard, T. Reid, and B. W. Brock, “An enhanced
    temperature index model for debris-covered glaciers accounting for thickness effect,”
    <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>, vol. 94. Elsevier, pp. 457–469, 2016.
  ista: Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Mabillard J, Reid T, Brock BW. 2016. An enhanced
    temperature index model for debris-covered glaciers accounting for thickness effect.
    Advances in Water Resources. 94, 457–469.
  mla: Carenzo, M., et al. “An Enhanced Temperature Index Model for Debris-Covered
    Glaciers Accounting for Thickness Effect.” <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>,
    vol. 94, Elsevier, 2016, pp. 457–69, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001">10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001</a>.
  short: M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, J. Mabillard, T. Reid, B.W. Brock, Advances
    in Water Resources 94 (2016) 457–469.
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:15:11Z
date_published: 2016-08-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-24T10:33:41Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        94'
keyword:
- Water Science and Technology
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.05.001
month: '08'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 457-469
publication: Advances in Water Resources
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0309-1708
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: An enhanced temperature index model for debris-covered glaciers accounting
  for thickness effect
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 94
year: '2016'
...
---
_id: '12630'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "The hydrology of high-elevation watersheds of the Hindu Kush-Himalaya region
    (HKH) is poorly known. The correct representation of internal states and process
    dynamics in glacio-hydrological models can often not be verified due to missing
    in situ measurements. We use a new set of detailed ground data from the upper
    Langtang valley in Nepal to systematically guide a state-of-the art glacio-hydrological
    model through a parameter assigning process with the aim to understand the hydrology
    of the catchment and contribution of snow and ice processes to runoff. 14 parameters
    are directly calculated on the basis of local data, and 13 parameters are calibrated
    against 5 different datasets of in situ or remote sensing data. Spatial fields
    of debris thickness are reconstructed through a novel approach that employs data
    from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), energy balance modeling and statistical
    techniques. The model is validated against measured catchment runoff (Nash–Sutcliffe
    efficiency 0.87) and modeled snow cover is compared to Landsat snow cover. The
    advanced representation of processes allowed assessing the role played by avalanching
    for runoff for the first time for a Himalayan catchment (5% of annual water inputs
    to the hydrological system are due to snow redistribution) and to quantify the
    hydrological significance of sub-debris ice melt (9% of annual water inputs).
    Snowmelt is the most important contributor to total runoff during the hydrological
    year 2012/2013 (representing 40% of all sources), followed by rainfall (34%) and
    ice melt (26%). A sensitivity analysis is used to assess the efficiency of the
    monitoring network and identify the timing and location of field measurements
    that constrain model uncertainty. The methodology to set up a glacio-hydrological
    model in high-elevation regions presented in this study can be regarded as a benchmark
    for modelers in the HKH seeking to evaluate their calibration approach, their
    experimental setup and thus to reduce the predictive model uncertainty.\r\n\r\n"
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Ragettli, S.
  last_name: Ragettli
- first_name: Francesca
  full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca
  id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70
  last_name: Pellicciotti
- first_name: W.W.
  full_name: Immerzeel, W.W.
  last_name: Immerzeel
- first_name: E.S.
  full_name: Miles, E.S.
  last_name: Miles
- first_name: L.
  full_name: Petersen, L.
  last_name: Petersen
- first_name: M.
  full_name: Heynen, M.
  last_name: Heynen
- first_name: J.M.
  full_name: Shea, J.M.
  last_name: Shea
- first_name: D.
  full_name: Stumm, D.
  last_name: Stumm
- first_name: S.
  full_name: Joshi, S.
  last_name: Joshi
- first_name: A.
  full_name: Shrestha, A.
  last_name: Shrestha
citation:
  ama: Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F, Immerzeel WW, et al. Unraveling the hydrology of
    a Himalayan catchment through integration of high resolution in situ data and
    remote sensing with an advanced simulation model. <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>.
    2015;78(4):94-111. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013">10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013</a>
  apa: Ragettli, S., Pellicciotti, F., Immerzeel, W. W., Miles, E. S., Petersen, L.,
    Heynen, M., … Shrestha, A. (2015). Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment
    through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an
    advanced simulation model. <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>. Elsevier. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013</a>
  chicago: Ragettli, S., Francesca Pellicciotti, W.W. Immerzeel, E.S. Miles, L. Petersen,
    M. Heynen, J.M. Shea, D. Stumm, S. Joshi, and A. Shrestha. “Unraveling the Hydrology
    of a Himalayan Catchment through Integration of High Resolution in Situ Data and
    Remote Sensing with an Advanced Simulation Model.” <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>.
    Elsevier, 2015. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013</a>.
  ieee: S. Ragettli <i>et al.</i>, “Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment
    through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an
    advanced simulation model,” <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>, vol. 78, no. 4.
    Elsevier, pp. 94–111, 2015.
  ista: Ragettli S, Pellicciotti F, Immerzeel WW, Miles ES, Petersen L, Heynen M,
    Shea JM, Stumm D, Joshi S, Shrestha A. 2015. Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan
    catchment through integration of high resolution in situ data and remote sensing
    with an advanced simulation model. Advances in Water Resources. 78(4), 94–111.
  mla: Ragettli, S., et al. “Unraveling the Hydrology of a Himalayan Catchment through
    Integration of High Resolution in Situ Data and Remote Sensing with an Advanced
    Simulation Model.” <i>Advances in Water Resources</i>, vol. 78, no. 4, Elsevier,
    2015, pp. 94–111, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013">10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013</a>.
  short: S. Ragettli, F. Pellicciotti, W.W. Immerzeel, E.S. Miles, L. Petersen, M.
    Heynen, J.M. Shea, D. Stumm, S. Joshi, A. Shrestha, Advances in Water Resources
    78 (2015) 94–111.
date_created: 2023-02-20T08:16:21Z
date_published: 2015-04-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-02-24T09:28:04Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1016/j.advwatres.2015.01.013
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        78'
issue: '4'
keyword:
- Water Science and Technology
language:
- iso: eng
month: '04'
oa_version: None
page: 94-111
publication: Advances in Water Resources
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0309-1708
publication_status: published
publisher: Elsevier
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Unraveling the hydrology of a Himalayan catchment through integration of high
  resolution in situ data and remote sensing with an advanced simulation model
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 78
year: '2015'
...