--- _id: '12648' abstract: - lang: eng text: Distributed glacier melt models generally assume that the glacier surface consists of bare exposed ice and snow. In reality, many glaciers are wholly or partially covered in layers of debris that tend to suppress ablation rates. In this paper, an existing physically based point model for the ablation of debris-covered ice is incorporated in a distributed melt model and applied to Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland, which has three large patches of debris cover on its surface. The model is based on a 10 m resolution digital elevation model (DEM) of the area; each glacier pixel in the DEM is defined as either bare or debris-covered ice, and may be covered in snow that must be melted off before ice ablation is assumed to occur. Each debris-covered pixel is assigned a debris thickness value using probability distributions based on over 1000 manual thickness measurements. Locally observed meteorological data are used to run energy balance calculations in every pixel, using an approach suitable for snow, bare ice or debris-covered ice as appropriate. The use of the debris model significantly reduces the total ablation in the debris-covered areas, however the precise reduction is sensitive to the temperature extrapolation used in the model distribution because air near the debris surface tends to be slightly warmer than over bare ice. Overall results suggest that the debris patches, which cover 10% of the glacierized area, reduce total runoff from the glacierized part of the basin by up to 7%. article_number: D18105 article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: T. D. full_name: Reid, T. D. last_name: Reid - first_name: M. full_name: Carenzo, M. last_name: Carenzo - first_name: Francesca full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70 last_name: Pellicciotti - first_name: B. W. full_name: Brock, B. W. last_name: Brock citation: ama: 'Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2012;117(D18). doi:10.1029/2012jd017795' apa: 'Reid, T. D., Carenzo, M., Pellicciotti, F., & Brock, B. W. (2012). Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795' chicago: 'Reid, T. D., M. Carenzo, Francesca Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock. “Including Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model of Glacier Ablation.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. American Geophysical Union, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012jd017795.' ieee: 'T. D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, and B. W. Brock, “Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 117, no. D18. American Geophysical Union, 2012.' ista: 'Reid TD, Carenzo M, Pellicciotti F, Brock BW. 2012. Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 117(D18), D18105.' mla: 'Reid, T. D., et al. “Including Debris Cover Effects in a Distributed Model of Glacier Ablation.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 117, no. D18, D18105, American Geophysical Union, 2012, doi:10.1029/2012jd017795.' short: 'T.D. Reid, M. Carenzo, F. Pellicciotti, B.W. Brock, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 117 (2012).' date_created: 2023-02-20T08:17:57Z date_published: 2012-09-27T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-20T10:57:31Z day: '27' doi: 10.1029/2012jd017795 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 117' issue: D18 keyword: - Paleontology - Space and Planetary Science - Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) - Atmospheric Science - Earth-Surface Processes - Geochemistry and Petrology - Soil Science - Water Science and Technology - Ecology - Aquatic Science - Forestry - Oceanography - Geophysics language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD017795 month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres' publication_identifier: issn: - 0148-0227 publication_status: published publisher: American Geophysical Union quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Including debris cover effects in a distributed model of glacier ablation type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 117 year: '2012' ... --- _id: '12651' abstract: - lang: eng text: Temperature data from three Automatic Weather Stations and twelve Temperature Loggers are used to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of temperature over a glacier, its main atmospheric controls, the suitability of extrapolation techniques and their effect on melt modeling. We use data collected on Juncal Norte Glacier, central Chile, during one ablation season. We examine temporal and spatial variability in lapse rates (LRs), together with alternative statistical interpolation methods. The main control over the glacier thermal regime is the development of a katabatic boundary layer (KBL). Katabatic wind occurs at night and in the morning and is eroded in the afternoon. LRs reveal strong diurnal variability, with steeper LRs during the day when the katabatic wind weakens and shallower LRs during the night and morning. We suggest that temporally variable LRs should be used to account for the observed change. They tend to be steeper than equivalent constant LRs, and therefore result in a reduction in simulated melt compared to use of constant LRs when extrapolating from lower to higher elevations. In addition to the temporal variability, the temperature-elevation relationship varies also in space. Differences are evident between local LRs and including such variability in melt modeling affects melt simulations. Extrapolation methods based on the spatial variability of the observations after removal of the elevation trend, such as Inverse Distance Weighting or Kriging, do not seem necessary for simulations of gridded temperature data over a glacier. article_number: D23109 article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: L. full_name: Petersen, L. last_name: Petersen - first_name: Francesca full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70 last_name: Pellicciotti citation: ama: 'Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2011;116(D23). doi:10.1029/2011jd015842' apa: 'Petersen, L., & Pellicciotti, F. (2011). Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842' chicago: 'Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. American Geophysical Union, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011jd015842.' ieee: 'L. Petersen and F. Pellicciotti, “Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 116, no. D23. American Geophysical Union, 2011.' ista: 'Petersen L, Pellicciotti F. 2011. Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 116(D23), D23109.' mla: 'Petersen, L., and Francesca Pellicciotti. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Air Temperature on a Melting Glacier: Atmospheric Controls, Extrapolation Methods and Their Effect on Melt Modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 116, no. D23, D23109, American Geophysical Union, 2011, doi:10.1029/2011jd015842.' short: 'L. Petersen, F. Pellicciotti, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 116 (2011).' date_created: 2023-02-20T08:18:14Z date_published: 2011-12-16T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-20T10:29:44Z day: '16' doi: 10.1029/2011jd015842 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 116' issue: D23 keyword: - Paleontology - Space and Planetary Science - Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) - Atmospheric Science - Earth-Surface Processes - Geochemistry and Petrology - Soil Science - Water Science and Technology - Ecology - Aquatic Science - Forestry - Oceanography - Geophysics language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JD01584 month: '12' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres' publication_identifier: issn: - 0148-0227 publication_status: published publisher: American Geophysical Union quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature on a melting glacier: Atmospheric controls, extrapolation methods and their effect on melt modeling, Juncal Norte Glacier, Chile' type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 116 year: '2011' ... --- _id: '12658' abstract: - lang: eng text: '[1] During the ablation period 2001 a glaciometeorological experiment was carried out on Haut Glacier d''Arolla, Switzerland. Five meteorological stations were installed on the glacier, and one permanent automatic weather station in the glacier foreland. The altitudes of the stations ranged between 2500 and 3000 m a.s.l., and they were in operation from end of May to beginning of September 2001. The spatial arrangement of the stations and temporal duration of the measurements generated a unique data set enabling the analysis of the spatial and temporal variability of the meteorological variables across an alpine glacier. All measurements were taken at a nominal height of 2 m, and hourly averages were derived for the analysis. The wind regime was dominated by the glacier wind (mean value 2.8 m s−1) but due to erosion by the synoptic gradient wind, occasionally the wind would blow up the valley. A slight decrease in mean 2 m air temperatures with altitude was found, however the 2 m air temperature gradient varied greatly and frequently changed its sign. Mean relative humidity was 71% and exhibited limited spatial variation. Mean incoming shortwave radiation and albedo both generally increased with elevation. The different components of shortwave radiation are quantified with a parameterization scheme. Resulting spatial variations are mainly due to horizon obstruction and reflections from surrounding slopes, i.e., topography. The effect of clouds accounts for a loss of 30% of the extraterrestrial flux. Albedos derived from a Landsat TM image of 30 July show remarkably constant values, in the range 0.49 to 0.50, across snow covered parts of the glacier, while albedo is highly spatially variable below the zone of continuous snow cover. These results are verified with ground measurements and compared with parameterized albedo. Mean longwave radiative fluxes decreased with elevation due to lower air temperatures and the effect of upper hemisphere slopes. It is shown through parameterization that this effect would even be more pronounced without the effect of clouds. Results are discussed with respect to a similar study which has been carried out on Pasterze Glacier (Austria). The presented algorithms for interpolating, parameterizing and simulating variables and parameters in alpine regions are integrated in the software package AMUNDSEN which is freely available to be adapted and further developed by the community.' article_number: D03103 article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Ulrich full_name: Strasser, Ulrich last_name: Strasser - first_name: Javier full_name: Corripio, Javier last_name: Corripio - first_name: Francesca full_name: Pellicciotti, Francesca id: b28f055a-81ea-11ed-b70c-a9fe7f7b0e70 last_name: Pellicciotti - first_name: Paolo full_name: Burlando, Paolo last_name: Burlando - first_name: Ben full_name: Brock, Ben last_name: Brock - first_name: Martin full_name: Funk, Martin last_name: Funk citation: ama: 'Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2004;109(D3). doi:10.1029/2003jd003973' apa: 'Strasser, U., Corripio, J., Pellicciotti, F., Burlando, P., Brock, B., & Funk, M. (2004). Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. American Geophysical Union. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973' chicago: 'Strasser, Ulrich, Javier Corripio, Francesca Pellicciotti, Paolo Burlando, Ben Brock, and Martin Funk. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001: Measurements and Simulations.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. American Geophysical Union, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003jd003973.' ieee: 'U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, and M. Funk, “Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations,” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 109, no. D3. American Geophysical Union, 2004.' ista: 'Strasser U, Corripio J, Pellicciotti F, Burlando P, Brock B, Funk M. 2004. Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 109(D3), D03103.' mla: 'Strasser, Ulrich, et al. “Spatial and Temporal Variability of Meteorological Variables at Haut Glacier d’Arolla (Switzerland) during the Ablation Season 2001: Measurements and Simulations.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol. 109, no. D3, D03103, American Geophysical Union, 2004, doi:10.1029/2003jd003973.' short: 'U. Strasser, J. Corripio, F. Pellicciotti, P. Burlando, B. Brock, M. Funk, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 109 (2004).' date_created: 2023-02-20T08:18:57Z date_published: 2004-02-16T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-02-20T08:40:21Z day: '16' doi: 10.1029/2003jd003973 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 109' issue: D3 keyword: - Paleontology - Space and Planetary Science - Earth and Planetary Sciences (miscellaneous) - Atmospheric Science - Earth-Surface Processes - Geochemistry and Petrology - Soil Science - Water Science and Technology - Ecology - Aquatic Science - Forestry - Oceanography - Geophysics language: - iso: eng month: '02' oa_version: None publication: 'Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres' publication_identifier: issn: - 0148-0227 publication_status: published publisher: American Geophysical Union quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Spatial and temporal variability of meteorological variables at Haut Glacier d''Arolla (Switzerland) during the ablation season 2001: Measurements and simulations' type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 109 year: '2004' ...