@article{14341,
  abstract     = {Flows through pipes and channels are, in practice, almost always turbulent, and the multiscale eddying motion is responsible for a major part of the encountered friction losses and pumping costs1. Conversely, for pulsatile flows, in particular for aortic blood flow, turbulence levels remain low despite relatively large peak velocities. For aortic blood flow, high turbulence levels are intolerable as they would damage the shear-sensitive endothelial cell layer2,3,4,5. Here we show that turbulence in ordinary pipe flow is diminished if the flow is driven in a pulsatile mode that incorporates all the key features of the cardiac waveform. At Reynolds numbers comparable to those of aortic blood flow, turbulence is largely inhibited, whereas at much higher speeds, the turbulent drag is reduced by more than 25%. This specific operation mode is more efficient when compared with steady driving, which is the present situation for virtually all fluid transport processes ranging from heating circuits to water, gas and oil pipelines.},
  author       = {Scarselli, Davide and Lopez Alonso, Jose M and Varshney, Atul and Hof, Björn},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7977},
  pages        = {71--74},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Turbulence suppression by cardiac-cycle-inspired driving of pipe flow}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-023-06399-5},
  volume       = {621},
  year         = {2023},
}

@article{14610,
  abstract     = {<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Endomembrane damage represents a form of stress that is detrimental for eukaryotic cells<jats:sup>1,2</jats:sup>. To cope with this threat, cells possess mechanisms that repair the damage and restore cellular homeostasis<jats:sup>3–7</jats:sup>. Endomembrane damage also results in organelle instability and the mechanisms by which cells stabilize damaged endomembranes to enable membrane repair remains unknown. Here, by combining in vitro and in cellulo studies with computational modelling we uncover a biological function for stress granules whereby these biomolecular condensates form rapidly at endomembrane damage sites and act as a plug that stabilizes the ruptured membrane. Functionally, we demonstrate that stress granule formation and membrane stabilization enable efficient repair of damaged endolysosomes, through both ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport)-dependent and independent mechanisms. We also show that blocking stress granule formation in human macrophages creates a permissive environment for <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</jats:italic>, a human pathogen that exploits endomembrane damage to survive within the host.</jats:p>},
  author       = {Bussi, Claudio and Mangiarotti, Agustín and Vanhille-Campos, Christian Eduardo and Aylan, Beren and Pellegrino, Enrica and Athanasiadi, Natalia and Fearns, Antony and Rodgers, Angela and Franzmann, Titus M. and Šarić, Anđela and Dimova, Rumiana and Gutierrez, Maximiliano G.},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {Multidisciplinary},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Stress granules plug and stabilize damaged endolysosomal membranes}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-023-06726-w},
  year         = {2023},
}

@article{13096,
  abstract     = {Eukaryotic cells can undergo different forms of programmed cell death, many of which culminate in plasma membrane rupture as the defining terminal event1,2,3,4,5,6,7. Plasma membrane rupture was long thought to be driven by osmotic pressure, but it has recently been shown to be in many cases an active process, mediated by the protein ninjurin-18 (NINJ1). Here we resolve the structure of NINJ1 and the mechanism by which it ruptures membranes. Super-resolution microscopy reveals that NINJ1 clusters into structurally diverse assemblies in the membranes of dying cells, in particular large, filamentous assemblies with branched morphology. A cryo-electron microscopy structure of NINJ1 filaments shows a tightly packed fence-like array of transmembrane α-helices. Filament directionality and stability is defined by two amphipathic α-helices that interlink adjacent filament subunits. The NINJ1 filament features a hydrophilic side and a hydrophobic side, and molecular dynamics simulations show that it can stably cap membrane edges. The function of the resulting supramolecular arrangement was validated by site-directed mutagenesis. Our data thus suggest that, during lytic cell death, the extracellular α-helices of NINJ1 insert into the plasma membrane to polymerize NINJ1 monomers into amphipathic filaments that rupture the plasma membrane. The membrane protein NINJ1 is therefore an interactive component of the eukaryotic cell membrane that functions as an in-built breaking point in response to activation of cell death.},
  author       = {Degen, Morris and Santos, José Carlos and Pluhackova, Kristyna and Cebrero, Gonzalo and Ramos, Saray and Jankevicius, Gytis and Hartenian, Ella and Guillerm, Undina and Mari, Stefania A. and Kohl, Bastian and Müller, Daniel J. and Schanda, Paul and Maier, Timm and Perez, Camilo and Sieben, Christian and Broz, Petr and Hiller, Sebastian},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  pages        = {1065--1071},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Structural basis of NINJ1-mediated plasma membrane rupture in cell death}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-023-05991-z},
  volume       = {618},
  year         = {2023},
}

@article{13119,
  abstract     = {A density wave (DW) is a fundamental type of long-range order in quantum matter tied to self-organization into a crystalline structure. The interplay of DW order with superfluidity can lead to complex scenarios that pose a great challenge to theoretical analysis. In the past decades, tunable quantum Fermi gases have served as model systems for exploring the physics of strongly interacting fermions, including most notably magnetic ordering1, pairing and superfluidity2, and the crossover from a Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid to a Bose–Einstein condensate3. Here, we realize a Fermi gas featuring both strong, tunable contact interactions and photon-mediated, spatially structured long-range interactions in a transversely driven high-finesse optical cavity. Above a critical long-range interaction strength, DW order is stabilized in the system, which we identify via its superradiant light-scattering properties. We quantitatively measure the variation of the onset of DW order as the contact interaction is varied across the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer superfluid and Bose–Einstein condensate crossover, in qualitative agreement with a mean-field theory. The atomic DW susceptibility varies over an order of magnitude upon tuning the strength and the sign of the long-range interactions below the self-ordering threshold, demonstrating independent and simultaneous control over the contact and long-range interactions. Therefore, our experimental setup provides a fully tunable and microscopically controllable platform for the experimental study of the interplay of superfluidity and DW order.},
  author       = {Helson, Victor and Zwettler, Timo and Mivehvar, Farokh and Colella, Elvia and Roux, Kevin Etienne Robert and Konishi, Hideki and Ritsch, Helmut and Brantut, Jean Philippe},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  pages        = {716--720},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3},
  volume       = {618},
  year         = {2023},
}

@article{11341,
  abstract     = {Intragenic regions that are removed during maturation of the RNA transcript—introns—are universally present in the nuclear genomes of eukaryotes1. The budding yeast, an otherwise intron-poor species, preserves two sets of ribosomal protein genes that differ primarily in their introns2,3. Although studies have shed light on the role of ribosomal protein introns under stress and starvation4,5,6, understanding the contribution of introns to ribosome regulation remains challenging. Here, by combining isogrowth profiling7 with single-cell protein measurements8, we show that introns can mediate inducible phenotypic heterogeneity that confers a clear fitness advantage. Osmotic stress leads to bimodal expression of the small ribosomal subunit protein Rps22B, which is mediated by an intron in the 5′ untranslated region of its transcript. The two resulting yeast subpopulations differ in their ability to cope with starvation. Low levels of Rps22B protein result in prolonged survival under sustained starvation, whereas high levels of Rps22B enable cells to grow faster after transient starvation. Furthermore, yeasts growing at high concentrations of sugar, similar to those in ripe grapes, exhibit bimodal expression of Rps22B when approaching the stationary phase. Differential intron-mediated regulation of ribosomal protein genes thus provides a way to diversify the population when starvation threatens in natural environments. Our findings reveal a role for introns in inducing phenotypic heterogeneity in changing environments, and suggest that duplicated ribosomal protein genes in yeast contribute to resolving the evolutionary conflict between precise expression control and environmental responsiveness9.},
  author       = {Lukacisin, Martin and Espinosa-Cantú, Adriana and Bollenbach, Mark Tobias},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  pages        = {113--118},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Intron-mediated induction of phenotypic heterogeneity}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-04633-0},
  volume       = {605},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{14437,
  abstract     = {Future LEDs could be based on lead halide perovskites. A breakthrough in preparing device-compatible solids composed of nanoscale perovskite crystals overcomes a long-standing hurdle in making blue perovskite LEDs.},
  author       = {Utzat, Hendrik and Ibáñez, Maria},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {Multidisciplinary},
  number       = {7941},
  pages        = {638--639},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Molecular engineering enables bright blue LEDs}},
  doi          = {10.1038/d41586-022-04447-0},
  volume       = {612},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12054,
  abstract     = {Polar auxin transport is unique to plants and coordinates their growth and development1,2. The PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transporters exhibit highly asymmetrical localizations at the plasma membrane and drive polar auxin transport3,4; however, their structures and transport mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here, we report three inward-facing conformation structures of Arabidopsis thaliana PIN1: the apo state, bound to the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and in complex with the polar auxin transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA). The transmembrane domain of PIN1 shares a conserved NhaA fold5. In the substrate-bound structure, IAA is coordinated by both hydrophobic stacking and hydrogen bonding. NPA competes with IAA for the same site at the intracellular pocket, but with a much higher affinity. These findings inform our understanding of the substrate recognition and transport mechanisms of PINs and set up a framework for future research on directional auxin transport, one of the most crucial processes underlying plant development.},
  author       = {Yang, Z and Xia, J and Hong, J and Zhang, C and Wei, H and Ying, W and Sun, C and Sun, L and Mao, Y and Gao, Y and Tan, S and Friml, Jiří and Li, D and Liu, X and Sun, L},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7927},
  pages        = {611--615},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Structural insights into auxin recognition and efflux by Arabidopsis PIN1}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-05143-9},
  volume       = {609},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12118,
  abstract     = {Hybrid semiconductor–superconductor devices hold great promise for realizing topological quantum computing with Majorana zero modes1,2,3,4,5. However, multiple claims of Majorana detection, based on either tunnelling6,7,8,9,10 or Coulomb blockade (CB) spectroscopy11,12, remain disputed. Here we devise an experimental protocol that allows us to perform both types of measurement on the same hybrid island by adjusting its charging energy via tunable junctions to the normal leads. This method reduces ambiguities of Majorana detections by checking the consistency between CB spectroscopy and zero-bias peaks in non-blockaded transport. Specifically, we observe junction-dependent, even–odd modulated, single-electron CB peaks in InAs/Al hybrid nanowires without concomitant low-bias peaks in tunnelling spectroscopy. We provide a theoretical interpretation of the experimental observations in terms of low-energy, longitudinally confined island states rather than overlapping Majorana modes. Our results highlight the importance of combined measurements on the same device for the identification of topological Majorana zero modes.},
  author       = {Valentini, Marco and Borovkov, Maksim and Prada, Elsa and Martí-Sánchez, Sara and Botifoll, Marc and Hofmann, Andrea C and Arbiol, Jordi and Aguado, Ramón and San-Jose, Pablo and Katsaros, Georgios},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {Multidisciplinary},
  number       = {7940},
  pages        = {442--447},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Majorana-like Coulomb spectroscopy in the absence of zero-bias peaks}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-05382-w},
  volume       = {612},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12138,
  abstract     = {Complex I is the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, which is responsible for energy production in mitochondria and bacteria1. Complex I couples the transfer of two electrons from NADH to quinone and the translocation of four protons across the membrane2, but the coupling mechanism remains contentious. Here we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of Escherichia coli complex I (EcCI) in different redox states, including catalytic turnover. EcCI exists mostly in the open state, in which the quinone cavity is exposed to the cytosol, allowing access for water molecules, which enable quinone movements. Unlike the mammalian paralogues3, EcCI can convert to the closed state only during turnover, showing that closed and open states are genuine turnover intermediates. The open-to-closed transition results in the tightly engulfed quinone cavity being connected to the central axis of the membrane arm, a source of substrate protons. Consistently, the proportion of the closed state increases with increasing pH. We propose a detailed but straightforward and robust mechanism comprising a ‘domino effect’ series of proton transfers and electrostatic interactions: the forward wave (‘dominoes stacking’) primes the pump, and the reverse wave (‘dominoes falling’) results in the ejection of all pumped protons from the distal subunit NuoL. This mechanism explains why protons exit exclusively from the NuoL subunit and is supported by our mutagenesis data. We contend that this is a universal coupling mechanism of complex I and related enzymes.},
  author       = {Kravchuk, Vladyslav and Petrova, Olga and Kampjut, Domen and Wojciechowska-Bason, Anna and Breese, Zara and Sazanov, Leonid A},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {Multidisciplinary},
  number       = {7928},
  pages        = {808--814},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{A universal coupling mechanism of respiratory complex I}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-05199-7},
  volume       = {609},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12144,
  abstract     = {The phytohormone auxin is the major coordinative signal in plant development1, mediating transcriptional reprogramming by a well-established canonical signalling pathway. TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESPONSE 1 (TIR1)/AUXIN-SIGNALING F-BOX (AFB) auxin receptors are F-box subunits of ubiquitin ligase complexes. In response to auxin, they associate with Aux/IAA transcriptional repressors and target them for degradation via ubiquitination2,3. Here we identify adenylate cyclase (AC) activity as an additional function of TIR1/AFB receptors across land plants. Auxin, together with Aux/IAAs, stimulates cAMP production. Three separate mutations in the AC motif of the TIR1 C-terminal region, all of which abolish the AC activity, each render TIR1 ineffective in mediating gravitropism and sustained auxin-induced root growth inhibition, and also affect auxin-induced transcriptional regulation. These results highlight the importance of TIR1/AFB AC activity in canonical auxin signalling. They also identify a unique phytohormone receptor cassette combining F-box and AC motifs, and the role of cAMP as a second messenger in plants.},
  author       = {Qi, Linlin and Kwiatkowski, Mateusz and Chen, Huihuang and Hörmayer, Lukas and Sinclair, Scott A and Zou, Minxia and del Genio, Charo I. and Kubeš, Martin F. and Napier, Richard and Jaworski, Krzysztof and Friml, Jiří},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7934},
  pages        = {133--138},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Adenylate cyclase activity of TIR1/AFB auxin receptors in plants}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-05369-7},
  volume       = {611},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12274,
  abstract     = {The morphology and functionality of the epithelial lining differ along the intestinal tract, but tissue renewal at all sites is driven by stem cells at the base of crypts1,2,3. Whether stem cell numbers and behaviour vary at different sites is unknown. Here we show using intravital microscopy that, despite similarities in the number and distribution of proliferative cells with an Lgr5 signature in mice, small intestinal crypts contain twice as many effective stem cells as large intestinal crypts. We find that, although passively displaced by a conveyor-belt-like upward movement, small intestinal cells positioned away from the crypt base can function as long-term effective stem cells owing to Wnt-dependent retrograde cellular movement. By contrast, the near absence of retrograde movement in the large intestine restricts cell repositioning, leading to a reduction in effective stem cell number. Moreover, after suppression of the retrograde movement in the small intestine, the number of effective stem cells is reduced, and the rate of monoclonal conversion of crypts is accelerated. Together, these results show that the number of effective stem cells is determined by active retrograde movement, revealing a new channel of stem cell regulation that can be experimentally and pharmacologically manipulated.},
  author       = {Azkanaz, Maria and Corominas-Murtra, Bernat and Ellenbroek, Saskia I. J. and Bruens, Lotte and Webb, Anna T. and Laskaris, Dimitrios and Oost, Koen C. and Lafirenze, Simona J. A. and Annusver, Karl and Messal, Hendrik A. and Iqbal, Sharif and Flanagan, Dustin J. and Huels, David J. and Rojas-Rodríguez, Felipe and Vizoso, Miguel and Kasper, Maria and Sansom, Owen J. and Snippert, Hugo J. and Liberali, Prisca and Simons, Benjamin D. and Katajisto, Pekka and Hannezo, Edouard B and van Rheenen, Jacco},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {Multidisciplinary},
  number       = {7919},
  pages        = {548--554},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Retrograde movements determine effective stem cell numbers in the intestine}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-04962-0},
  volume       = {607},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12291,
  abstract     = {The phytohormone auxin triggers transcriptional reprogramming through a well-characterized perception machinery in the nucleus. By contrast, mechanisms that underlie fast effects of auxin, such as the regulation of ion fluxes, rapid phosphorylation of proteins or auxin feedback on its transport, remain unclear1,2,3. Whether auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) is an auxin receptor has been a source of debate for decades1,4. Here we show that a fraction of Arabidopsis thaliana ABP1 is secreted and binds auxin specifically at an acidic pH that is typical of the apoplast. ABP1 and its plasma-membrane-localized partner, transmembrane kinase 1 (TMK1), are required for the auxin-induced ultrafast global phospho-response and for downstream processes that include the activation of H+-ATPase and accelerated cytoplasmic streaming. abp1 and tmk mutants cannot establish auxin-transporting channels and show defective auxin-induced vasculature formation and regeneration. An ABP1(M2X) variant that lacks the capacity to bind auxin is unable to complement these defects in abp1 mutants. These data indicate that ABP1 is the auxin receptor for TMK1-based cell-surface signalling, which mediates the global phospho-response and auxin canalization.},
  author       = {Friml, Jiří and Gallei, Michelle C and Gelová, Zuzana and Johnson, Alexander J and Mazur, Ewa and Monzer, Aline and Rodriguez Solovey, Lesia and Roosjen, Mark and Verstraeten, Inge and Živanović, Branka D. and Zou, Minxia and Fiedler, Lukas and Giannini, Caterina and Grones, Peter and Hrtyan, Mónika and Kaufmann, Walter and Kuhn, Andre and Narasimhan, Madhumitha and Randuch, Marek and Rýdza, Nikola and Takahashi, Koji and Tan, Shutang and Teplova, Anastasiia and Kinoshita, Toshinori and Weijers, Dolf and Rakusová, Hana},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7927},
  pages        = {575--581},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{ABP1–TMK auxin perception for global phosphorylation and auxin canalization}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-05187-x},
  volume       = {609},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{12671,
  abstract     = {Sperm chromatin is typically transformed by protamines into a compact and transcriptionally inactive state1,2. Sperm cells of flowering plants lack protamines, yet they have small, transcriptionally active nuclei with chromatin condensed through an unknown mechanism3,4. Here we show that a histone variant, H2B.8, mediates sperm chromatin and nuclear condensation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss of H2B.8 causes enlarged sperm nuclei with dispersed chromatin, whereas ectopic expression in somatic cells produces smaller nuclei with aggregated chromatin. This result demonstrates that H2B.8 is sufficient for chromatin condensation. H2B.8 aggregates transcriptionally inactive AT-rich chromatin into phase-separated condensates, which facilitates nuclear compaction without reducing transcription. Reciprocal crosses show that mutation of h2b.8 reduces male transmission, which suggests that H2B.8-mediated sperm compaction is important for fertility. Altogether, our results reveal a new mechanism of nuclear compaction through global aggregation of unexpressed chromatin. We propose that H2B.8 is an evolutionary innovation of flowering plants that achieves nuclear condensation compatible with active transcription.},
  author       = {Buttress, Toby and He, Shengbo and Wang, Liang and Zhou, Shaoli and Saalbach, Gerhard and Vickers, Martin and Li, Guohong and Li, Pilong and Feng, Xiaoqi},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7936},
  pages        = {614--622},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Histone H2B.8 compacts flowering plant sperm through chromatin phase separation}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-022-05386-6},
  volume       = {611},
  year         = {2022},
}

@article{9549,
  abstract     = {AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate the majority of excitatory transmission in the brain and enable the synaptic plasticity that underlies learning1. A diverse array of AMPAR signalling complexes are established by receptor auxiliary subunits, which associate with the AMPAR in various combinations to modulate trafficking, gating and synaptic strength2. However, their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here we determine cryo-electron microscopy structures of the heteromeric GluA1–GluA2 receptor assembled with both TARP-γ8 and CNIH2, the predominant AMPAR complex in the forebrain, in both resting and active states. Two TARP-γ8 and two CNIH2 subunits insert at distinct sites beneath the ligand-binding domains of the receptor, with site-specific lipids shaping each interaction and affecting the gating regulation of the AMPARs. Activation of the receptor leads to asymmetry between GluA1 and GluA2 along the ion conduction path and an outward expansion of the channel triggers counter-rotations of both auxiliary subunit pairs, promoting the active-state conformation. In addition, both TARP-γ8 and CNIH2 pivot towards the pore exit upon activation, extending their reach for cytoplasmic receptor elements. CNIH2 achieves this through its uniquely extended M2 helix, which has transformed this endoplasmic reticulum-export factor into a powerful AMPAR modulator that is capable of providing hippocampal pyramidal neurons with their integrative synaptic properties. },
  author       = {Zhang, Danyang and Watson, Jake and Matthews, Peter M. and Cais, Ondrej and Greger, Ingo H.},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  pages        = {454--458},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Gating and modulation of a hetero-octameric AMPA glutamate receptor}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-021-03613-0},
  volume       = {594},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{10025,
  abstract     = {Ferromagnetism is most common in transition metal compounds but may also arise in low-density two-dimensional electron systems, with signatures observed in silicon, III-V semiconductor systems, and graphene moiré heterostructures. Here we show that gate-tuned van Hove singularities in rhombohedral trilayer graphene drive the spontaneous ferromagnetic polarization of the electron system into one or more spin- and valley flavors. Using capacitance measurements on graphite-gated van der Waals heterostructures, we find a cascade of density- and electronic displacement field tuned phase transitions marked by negative electronic compressibility. The transitions define the boundaries between phases where quantum oscillations have either four-fold, two-fold, or one-fold degeneracy, associated with a spin and valley degenerate normal metal, spin-polarized `half-metal', and spin and valley polarized `quarter metal', respectively. For electron doping, the salient features are well captured by a phenomenological Stoner model with a valley-anisotropic Hund's coupling, likely arising from interactions at the lattice scale. For hole filling, we observe a richer phase diagram featuring a delicate interplay of broken symmetries and transitions in the Fermi surface topology. Finally, by rotational alignment of a hexagonal boron nitride substrate to induce a moiré superlattice, we find that the superlattice perturbs the preexisting isospin order only weakly, leaving the basic phase diagram intact while catalyzing the formation of topologically nontrivial gapped states whenever itinerant half- or quarter metal states occur at half- or quarter superlattice band filling. Our results show that rhombohedral trilayer graphene is an ideal platform for well-controlled tests of many-body theory and reveal magnetism in moiré materials to be fundamentally itinerant in nature.},
  author       = {Zhou, Haoxin and Xie, Tian and Ghazaryan, Areg and Holder, Tobias and Ehrets, James R. and Spanton, Eric M. and Taniguchi, Takashi and Watanabe, Kenji and Berg, Erez and Serbyn, Maksym and Young, Andrea F.},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {condensed matter - mesoscale and nanoscale physics, condensed matter - strongly correlated electrons, multidisciplinary},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Half and quarter metals in rhombohedral trilayer graphene}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-021-03938-w},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{10146,
  abstract     = {The enzymes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain are key players of cell metabolism. Despite being active when isolated, in vivo they associate into supercomplexes1, whose precise role is debated. Supercomplexes CIII2CIV1-2 (refs. 2,3), CICIII2 (ref. 4) and CICIII2CIV (respirasome)5,6,7,8,9,10 exist in mammals, but in contrast to CICIII2 and the respirasome, to date the only known eukaryotic structures of CIII2CIV1-2 come from Saccharomyces cerevisiae11,12 and plants13, which have different organization. Here we present the first, to our knowledge, structures of mammalian (mouse and ovine) CIII2CIV and its assembly intermediates, in different conformations. We describe the assembly of CIII2CIV from the CIII2 precursor to the final CIII2CIV conformation, driven by the insertion of the N terminus of the assembly factor SCAF1 (ref. 14) deep into CIII2, while its C terminus is integrated into CIV. Our structures (which include CICIII2 and the respirasome) also confirm that SCAF1 is exclusively required for the assembly of CIII2CIV and has no role in the assembly of the respirasome. We show that CIII2 is asymmetric due to the presence of only one copy of subunit 9, which straddles both monomers and prevents the attachment of a second copy of SCAF1 to CIII2, explaining the presence of one copy of CIV in CIII2CIV in mammals. Finally, we show that CIII2 and CIV gain catalytic advantage when assembled into the supercomplex and propose a role for CIII2CIV in fine tuning the efficiency of electron transfer in the electron transport chain.},
  author       = {Vercellino, Irene and Sazanov, Leonid A},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7880},
  pages        = {364--367},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Structure and assembly of the mammalian mitochondrial supercomplex CIII<sub>2</sub>CIV}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-021-03927-z},
  volume       = {598},
  year         = {2021},
}

@article{9059,
  abstract     = {From rock salt to nanoparticle superlattices, complex structure can emerge from simple building blocks that attract each other through Coulombic forces1-4. On the micrometre scale, however, colloids in water defy the intuitively simple idea of forming crystals from oppositely charged partners, instead forming non-equilibrium structures such as clusters and gels5-7. Although various systems have been engineered to grow binary crystals8-11, native surface charge in aqueous conditions has not been used to assemble crystalline materials. Here we form ionic colloidal crystals in water through an approach that we refer to as polymer-attenuated Coulombic self-assembly. The key to crystallization is the use of a neutral polymer to keep particles separated by well defined distances, allowing us to tune the attractive overlap of electrical double layers, directing particles to disperse, crystallize or become permanently fixed on demand. The nucleation and growth of macroscopic single crystals is demonstrated by using the Debye screening length to fine-tune assembly. Using a variety of colloidal particles and commercial polymers, ionic colloidal crystals isostructural to caesium chloride, sodium chloride, aluminium diboride and K4C60 are selected according to particle size ratios. Once fixed by simply diluting out solution salts, crystals are pulled out of the water for further manipulation, demonstrating an accurate translation from solution-phase assembly to dried solid structures. In contrast to other assembly approaches, in which particles must be carefully engineered to encode binding information12-18, polymer-attenuated Coulombic self-assembly enables conventional colloids to be used as model colloidal ions, primed for crystallization. },
  author       = {Hueckel, Theodore and Hocky, Glen M. and Palacci, Jérémie A and Sacanna, Stefano},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {Multidisciplinary},
  number       = {7804},
  pages        = {487--490},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Ionic solids from common colloids}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-020-2205-0},
  volume       = {580},
  year         = {2020},
}

@article{9685,
  abstract     = {Hydrogen, the simplest and most abundant element in the Universe, develops a remarkably complex behaviour upon compression^1. Since Wigner predicted the dissociation and metallization of solid hydrogen at megabar pressures almost a century ago^2, several efforts have been made to explain the many unusual properties of dense hydrogen, including a rich and poorly understood solid polymorphism^1,3-5, an anomalous melting line6 and the possible transition to a superconducting state^7. Experiments at such extreme conditions are challenging and often lead to hard-to-interpret and controversial observations, whereas theoretical investigations are constrained by the huge computational cost of sufficiently accurate quantum mechanical calculations. Here we present a theoretical study of the phase diagram of dense hydrogen that uses machine learning to 'learn' potential-energy surfaces and interatomic forces from reference calculations and then predict them at low computational cost, overcoming length- and timescale limitations. We reproduce both the re-entrant melting behaviour and the polymorphism of the solid phase. Simulations using our machine-learning-based potentials provide evidence for a continuous molecular-to-atomic transition in the liquid, with no first-order transition observed above the melting line. This suggests a smooth transition between insulating and metallic layers in giant gas planets, and reconciles existing discrepancies between experiments as a manifestation of supercritical behaviour.},
  author       = {Cheng, Bingqing and Mazzola, Guglielmo and Pickard, Chris J. and Ceriotti, Michele},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7824},
  pages        = {217--220},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Evidence for supercritical behaviour of high-pressure liquid hydrogen}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-020-2677-y},
  volume       = {585},
  year         = {2020},
}

@article{10618,
  abstract     = {Magnetism typically arises from the joint effect of Fermi statistics and repulsive Coulomb interactions, which favours ground states with non-zero electron spin. As a result, controlling spin magnetism with electric fields—a longstanding technological goal in spintronics and multiferroics1,2—can be achieved only indirectly. Here we experimentally demonstrate direct electric-field control of magnetic states in an orbital Chern insulator3,4,5,6, a magnetic system in which non-trivial band topology favours long-range order of orbital angular momentum but the spins are thought to remain disordered7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14. We use van der Waals heterostructures consisting of a graphene monolayer rotationally faulted with respect to a Bernal-stacked bilayer to realize narrow and topologically non-trivial valley-projected moiré minibands15,16,17. At fillings of one and three electrons per moiré unit cell within these bands, we observe quantized anomalous Hall effects18 with transverse resistance approximately equal to h/2e2 (where h is Planck’s constant and e is the charge on the electron), which is indicative of spontaneous polarization of the system into a single-valley-projected band with a Chern number equal to two. At a filling of three electrons per moiré unit cell, we find that the sign of the quantum anomalous Hall effect can be reversed via field-effect control of the chemical potential; moreover, this transition is hysteretic, which we use to demonstrate non-volatile electric-field-induced reversal of the magnetic state. A theoretical analysis19 indicates that the effect arises from the topological edge states, which drive a change in sign of the magnetization and thus a reversal in the favoured magnetic state. Voltage control of magnetic states can be used to electrically pattern non-volatile magnetic-domain structures hosting chiral edge states, with applications ranging from reconfigurable microwave circuit elements to ultralow-power magnetic memories.},
  author       = {Polshyn, Hryhoriy and Zhu, J. and Kumar, M. A. and Zhang, Y. and Yang, F. and Tschirhart, C. L. and Serlin, M. and Watanabe, K. and Taniguchi, T. and MacDonald, A. H. and Young, A. F.},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  keywords     = {multidisciplinary},
  number       = {7836},
  pages        = {66--70},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Electrical switching of magnetic order in an orbital Chern insulator}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-020-2963-8},
  volume       = {588},
  year         = {2020},
}

@article{12599,
  abstract     = {Mountains are the water towers of the world, supplying a substantial part of both natural and anthropogenic water demands1,2. They are highly sensitive and prone to climate change3,4, yet their importance and vulnerability have not been quantified at the global scale. Here we present a global water tower index (WTI), which ranks all water towers in terms of their water-supplying role and the downstream dependence of ecosystems and society. For each water tower, we assess its vulnerability related to water stress, governance, hydropolitical tension and future climatic and socio-economic changes. We conclude that the most important (highest WTI) water towers are also among the most vulnerable, and that climatic and socio-economic changes will affect them profoundly. This could negatively impact 1.9 billion people living in (0.3 billion) or directly downstream of (1.6 billion) mountainous areas. Immediate action is required to safeguard the future of the world’s most important and vulnerable water towers.},
  author       = {Immerzeel, W. W. and Lutz, A. F. and Andrade, M. and Bahl, A. and Biemans, H. and Bolch, T. and Hyde, S. and Brumby, S. and Davies, B. J. and Elmore, A. C. and Emmer, A. and Feng, M. and Fernández, A. and Haritashya, U. and Kargel, J. S. and Koppes, M. and Kraaijenbrink, P. D. A. and Kulkarni, A. V. and Mayewski, P. A. and Nepal, S. and Pacheco, P. and Painter, T. H. and Pellicciotti, Francesca and Rajaram, H. and Rupper, S. and Sinisalo, A. and Shrestha, A. B. and Viviroli, D. and Wada, Y. and Xiao, C. and Yao, T. and Baillie, J. E. M.},
  issn         = {1476-4687},
  journal      = {Nature},
  number       = {7790},
  pages        = {364--369},
  publisher    = {Springer Nature},
  title        = {{Importance and vulnerability of the world’s water towers}},
  doi          = {10.1038/s41586-019-1822-y},
  volume       = {577},
  year         = {2020},
}