---
_id: '874'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Sex is thought to facilitate accumulation of initially rare beneficial mutations
    by allowing simultaneous allele replacements at many loci. However, this advantage
    of sex depends on a restrictive assumption that the fitness of a genotype is determined
    by fitness potential, a single intermediate variable to which all loci contribute
    additively, so that new alleles can accumulate in any order. Individual-based
    simulations of sexual and asexual populations reveal that under generic selection,
    sex often retards adaptive evolution. When new alleles are beneficial only if
    they accumulate in a prescribed order, a sexual population may evolve two or more
    times slower than an asexual population because only asexual reproduction allows
    some overlap of successive allele replacements. Many other fitness surfaces lead
    to an even greater disadvantage of sex. Thus, either sex exists in spite of its
    impact on the rate of adaptive allele replacements, or natural fitness surfaces
    have rather specific properties, at least at the scale of intrapopulation genetic
    variability.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Fyodor
  full_name: Kondrashov, Fyodor
  id: 44FDEF62-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Kondrashov
  orcid: 0000-0001-8243-4694
- first_name: Alexey
  full_name: Kondrashov, Alexey
  last_name: Kondrashov
citation:
  ama: Kondrashov F, Kondrashov A. Multidimensional epistasis and the disadvantage
    of sex. <i>PNAS</i>. 2001;98(21):12089-12092. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211214298">10.1073/pnas.211214298</a>
  apa: Kondrashov, F., &#38; Kondrashov, A. (2001). Multidimensional epistasis and
    the disadvantage of sex. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211214298">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211214298</a>
  chicago: Kondrashov, Fyodor, and Alexey Kondrashov. “Multidimensional Epistasis
    and the Disadvantage of Sex.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2001.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211214298">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211214298</a>.
  ieee: F. Kondrashov and A. Kondrashov, “Multidimensional epistasis and the disadvantage
    of sex,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 98, no. 21. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 12089–12092,
    2001.
  ista: Kondrashov F, Kondrashov A. 2001. Multidimensional epistasis and the disadvantage
    of sex. PNAS. 98(21), 12089–12092.
  mla: Kondrashov, Fyodor, and Alexey Kondrashov. “Multidimensional Epistasis and
    the Disadvantage of Sex.” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 98, no. 21, National Academy of Sciences,
    2001, pp. 12089–92, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.211214298">10.1073/pnas.211214298</a>.
  short: F. Kondrashov, A. Kondrashov, PNAS 98 (2001) 12089–12092.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:48:58Z
date_published: 2001-10-09T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-06-02T08:18:22Z
day: '09'
doi: 10.1073/pnas.211214298
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '11593020'
intvolume: '        98'
issue: '21'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC59772/
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 12089 - 12092
pmid: 1
publication: PNAS
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
publist_id: '6774'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Multidimensional epistasis and the disadvantage of sex
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 98
year: '2001'
...
---
_id: '3496'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'The mossy fiber-CA3 pyramidal neuron synapse is a main component of the hippocampal
    trisynaptic circuitry. Recent studies, however, suggested that inhibitory interneurons
    are the major targets of the mossy fiber system. To study the regulation of mossy
    fiber-interneuron excitation, we examined unitary and compound excitatory postsynaptic
    currents in dentate gyrus basket cells, evoked by paired recording between granule
    and basket cells or extracellular stimulation of mossy fiber collaterals. The
    application of an associative high-frequency stimulation paradigm induced posttetanic
    potentiation (PTP) followed by homosynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP). Analysis
    of numbers of failures, coefficient of variation, and paired-pulse modulation
    indicated that both PTP and LTP were expressed presynaptically. The Ca2+ chelator
    1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) did not affect
    PTP or LTP at a concentration of 10 mM but attenuated LTP at a concentration of
    30 mM. Both forskolin, an adenylyl cyclase activator, and phorbolester diacetate,
    a protein kinase C stimulator, lead to a long-lasting increase in excitatory postsynaptic
    current amplitude. H-89, a protein kinase A inhibitor, and bisindolylmaleimide,
    a protein kinase C antagonist, reduced PTP, whereas only bisindolylmaleimide reduced
    LTP. These results may suggest a differential contribution of protein kinase A
    and C pathways to mossy fiber-interneuron plasticity. Interneuron PTP and LTP
    may provide mechanisms to maintain the balance between synaptic excitation of
    interneurons and that of principal neurons in the dentate gyrus-CA3 network. '
acknowledgement: We thank Drs. J. Bischofberger and M. Martina for critically reading
  an earlier version of the manuscript and A. Blomenkamp for excellent technical assistance.
  Supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft Sonderforschungsbereich 505/C5
  and Human Frontiers Science Program Organization Grant RG0017/98.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Henrik
  full_name: Alle, Henrik
  last_name: Alle
- first_name: Peter M
  full_name: Jonas, Peter M
  id: 353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Jonas
  orcid: 0000-0001-5001-4804
- first_name: Jörg
  full_name: Geiger, Jörg
  last_name: Geiger
citation:
  ama: Alle H, Jonas PM, Geiger J. PTP and LTP at a hippocampal mossy fiber-interneuron
    synapse. <i>PNAS</i>. 2001;98(25):14708-14713. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251610898
    ">10.1073/pnas.251610898 </a>
  apa: Alle, H., Jonas, P. M., &#38; Geiger, J. (2001). PTP and LTP at a hippocampal
    mossy fiber-interneuron synapse. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251610898 ">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251610898
    </a>
  chicago: Alle, Henrik, Peter M Jonas, and Jörg Geiger. “PTP and LTP at a Hippocampal
    Mossy Fiber-Interneuron Synapse.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 2001.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251610898 ">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251610898
    </a>.
  ieee: H. Alle, P. M. Jonas, and J. Geiger, “PTP and LTP at a hippocampal mossy fiber-interneuron
    synapse,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 98, no. 25. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 14708–14713,
    2001.
  ista: Alle H, Jonas PM, Geiger J. 2001. PTP and LTP at a hippocampal mossy fiber-interneuron
    synapse. PNAS. 98(25), 14708–14713.
  mla: Alle, Henrik, et al. “PTP and LTP at a Hippocampal Mossy Fiber-Interneuron
    Synapse.” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 98, no. 25, National Academy of Sciences, 2001, pp.
    14708–13, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.251610898 ">10.1073/pnas.251610898
    </a>.
  short: H. Alle, P.M. Jonas, J. Geiger, PNAS 98 (2001) 14708–14713.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:03:38Z
date_published: 2001-12-04T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-05-15T11:08:08Z
day: '04'
doi: '10.1073/pnas.251610898 '
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '11734656'
intvolume: '        98'
issue: '25'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC64746/
month: '12'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
page: 14708 - 14713
pmid: 1
publication: PNAS
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
publist_id: '2891'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: PTP and LTP at a hippocampal mossy fiber-interneuron synapse
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 98
year: '2001'
...
---
_id: '3540'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: What determines the firing rate of cortical neurons in the absence of external
    sensory input or motor behavior, such as during sleep? Hero we report that, in
    a familiar environment, the discharge frequency of simultaneously recorded individual
    CA1 pyramidal neurons and the coactivation of cell pairs remain highly correlated
    across sleep-wake-steep sequences. However, both measures were affected when new
    sets of neurons were activated in a novel environment. Nevertheless, the grand
    mean firing rate of the whole pyramidal cell population remained constant across
    behavioral states and testing conditions. The findings suggest that long-term
    firing patterns of single cells can be modified by experience. We hypothesize
    that increased firing rates of recently used neurons are associated with a concomitant
    decrease in the discharge activity of the remaining population, leaving the mean
    excitability of the hippocampal network unaltered.
acknowledgement: This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants NS34994
  and MH54671, the F. M. Kirby Foundation, the Human Frontier Science Program (X.L.),
  and the Uehara Memorial Foundation (H.H.).
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Hajima
  full_name: Hirase, Hajima
  last_name: Hirase
- first_name: Xavier
  full_name: Leinekugel, Xavier
  last_name: Leinekugel
- first_name: András
  full_name: Czurkó, András
  last_name: Czurkó
- first_name: Jozsef L
  full_name: Csicsvari, Jozsef L
  id: 3FA14672-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Csicsvari
  orcid: 0000-0002-5193-4036
- first_name: György
  full_name: Buzsáki, György
  last_name: Buzsáki
citation:
  ama: Hirase H, Leinekugel X, Czurkó A, Csicsvari JL, Buzsáki G. Firing rates of
    hippocampal neurons are preserved during subsequent sleep episodes and modified
    by novel awake experience. <i>PNAS</i>. 2001;98(16):9386-9390. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161274398">10.1073/pnas.161274398</a>
  apa: Hirase, H., Leinekugel, X., Czurkó, A., Csicsvari, J. L., &#38; Buzsáki, G.
    (2001). Firing rates of hippocampal neurons are preserved during subsequent sleep
    episodes and modified by novel awake experience. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy
    of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161274398">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161274398</a>
  chicago: Hirase, Hajima, Xavier Leinekugel, András Czurkó, Jozsef L Csicsvari, and
    György Buzsáki. “Firing Rates of Hippocampal Neurons Are Preserved during Subsequent
    Sleep Episodes and Modified by Novel Awake Experience.” <i>PNAS</i>. National
    Academy of Sciences, 2001. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161274398">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161274398</a>.
  ieee: H. Hirase, X. Leinekugel, A. Czurkó, J. L. Csicsvari, and G. Buzsáki, “Firing
    rates of hippocampal neurons are preserved during subsequent sleep episodes and
    modified by novel awake experience,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 98, no. 16. National Academy
    of Sciences, pp. 9386–9390, 2001.
  ista: Hirase H, Leinekugel X, Czurkó A, Csicsvari JL, Buzsáki G. 2001. Firing rates
    of hippocampal neurons are preserved during subsequent sleep episodes and modified
    by novel awake experience. PNAS. 98(16), 9386–9390.
  mla: Hirase, Hajima, et al. “Firing Rates of Hippocampal Neurons Are Preserved during
    Subsequent Sleep Episodes and Modified by Novel Awake Experience.” <i>PNAS</i>,
    vol. 98, no. 16, National Academy of Sciences, 2001, pp. 9386–90, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.161274398">10.1073/pnas.161274398</a>.
  short: H. Hirase, X. Leinekugel, A. Czurkó, J.L. Csicsvari, G. Buzsáki, PNAS 98
    (2001) 9386–9390.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:03:52Z
date_published: 2001-07-31T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-05-12T10:07:41Z
day: '31'
doi: 10.1073/pnas.161274398
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '11470910'
intvolume: '        98'
issue: '16'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC55430/
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 9386 - 9390
pmid: 1
publication: PNAS
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
publist_id: '2846'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Firing rates of hippocampal neurons are preserved during subsequent sleep episodes
  and modified by novel awake experience
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 98
year: '2001'
...
---
_id: '1956'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "\r\nThe plastid genomes of several plants contain ndh genes-homologues of
    genes encoding subunits of the proton-pumping NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase,
    or complex I, involved in respiration in mitochondria and eubacteria. From sequence
    similarities with these genes, the ndh gene products have been suggested to form
    a large protein complex (Ndh complex); however, the structure and function of
    this complex remains to be established. Herein we report the isolation of the
    Ndh complex from the chloroplasts of the higher plant Pisum sativum. The purification
    procedure involved selective solubilization of the thylakoid membrane with dodecyl
    maltoside, followed by two anion-exchange chromatography steps and one size-exclusion
    chromatography step. The isolated Ndh complex has an apparent total molecular
    mass of approximately 550 kDa and according to SDS/PAGE consists of at least 16
    subunits including NdhA, NdhI, NdhJ, NdhK, and NdhH, which were identified by
    N-terminal sequencing and immunoblotting. The Ndh complex showed an NADH- and
    deamino-NADH-specific dehydrogenase activity, characteristic of complex I, when
    either ferricyanide or the quinones menadione and duroquinone were used as electron
    acceptors. This study describes the isolation of the chloroplast analogue of the
    respiratory complex I and provides direct evidence for the function of the plastid
    Ndh complex as an NADH:plastoquinone oxidoreductase. Our results are compatible
    with a dual role for the Ndh complex in the chloro-respiratory and cyclic photophosphorylation
    pathways."
acknowledgement: We gratefully acknowledge Dr. A.Carne (Institute of Cancer Research,
  London, U.K.) for help with N-terminal sequencing. We thank Prof. C. J. Leaver (University
  of Oxford, U.K.), Prof. K.-H. Süss (Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research,
  Gatersleben, Germany), and Prof. L. J. Rogers (University of Aberystwyth, U.K.)
  for gifts of antiserum against maize mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1
  and cytochrome bc1 complex, spinach FNR, and spinach ferredoxin, respectively. This
  work was supported by grants from The Royal Society and the Biotechnology and Biological
  Sciences Research Council.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Leonid A
  full_name: Sazanov, Leonid A
  id: 338D39FE-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Sazanov
  orcid: 0000-0002-0977-7989
- first_name: Paul
  full_name: Burrows, Paul
  last_name: Burrows
- first_name: Peter
  full_name: Nixon, Peter
  last_name: Nixon
citation:
  ama: 'Sazanov LA, Burrows P, Nixon P. The plastid ndh genes code for an NADH-specific
    dehydrogenase: Isolation of a complex I analogue from pea thylakoid membranes.
    <i>PNAS</i>. 1998;95(3):1319-1324. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319">10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319</a>'
  apa: 'Sazanov, L. A., Burrows, P., &#38; Nixon, P. (1998). The plastid ndh genes
    code for an NADH-specific dehydrogenase: Isolation of a complex I analogue from
    pea thylakoid membranes. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319</a>'
  chicago: 'Sazanov, Leonid A, Paul Burrows, and Peter Nixon. “The Plastid Ndh Genes
    Code for an NADH-Specific Dehydrogenase: Isolation of a Complex I Analogue from
    Pea Thylakoid Membranes.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 1998. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319</a>.'
  ieee: 'L. A. Sazanov, P. Burrows, and P. Nixon, “The plastid ndh genes code for
    an NADH-specific dehydrogenase: Isolation of a complex I analogue from pea thylakoid
    membranes,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 95, no. 3. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 1319–1324,
    1998.'
  ista: 'Sazanov LA, Burrows P, Nixon P. 1998. The plastid ndh genes code for an NADH-specific
    dehydrogenase: Isolation of a complex I analogue from pea thylakoid membranes.
    PNAS. 95(3), 1319–1324.'
  mla: 'Sazanov, Leonid A., et al. “The Plastid Ndh Genes Code for an NADH-Specific
    Dehydrogenase: Isolation of a Complex I Analogue from Pea Thylakoid Membranes.”
    <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 95, no. 3, National Academy of Sciences, 1998, pp. 1319–24,
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319">10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319</a>.'
  short: L.A. Sazanov, P. Burrows, P. Nixon, PNAS 95 (1998) 1319–1324.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:54:54Z
date_published: 1998-02-03T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-09-01T13:47:05Z
day: '03'
doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.3.1319
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '9448329 '
intvolume: '        95'
issue: '3'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://europepmc.org/article/pmc/18756
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: None
page: 1319 - 1324
pmid: 1
publication: PNAS
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
publist_id: '5130'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'The plastid ndh genes code for an NADH-specific dehydrogenase: Isolation of
  a complex I analogue from pea thylakoid membranes'
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 95
year: '1998'
...
---
_id: '3632'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: An important but controversial class of hypotheses concerning the evolution
    of female preferences for extreme male mating displays involves 'indirect selection.'
    Even in the absence of direct fitness effects, preference for males with high
    overall fitness can spread via a genetic correlation that develops between preference
    alleles and high fitness genotypes. Here we develop a quantitative expression
    for the force of indirect selection that (i) applies to any female mating behavior,
    (ii) is relatively insensitive to the underlying genetics, and (iii) is based
    on measurable quantities. In conjunction with the limited data now available,
    it suggests that the evolutionary force generated by indirect selection on preferences
    is weak in absolute terms. This finding raises the possibility that direct selection
    on preference genes may often be more important than indirect selection, but more
    data on the quantities identified by our model and on direct selection are needed
    to decide the question.
acknowledgement: We thank J. J. Bull, M. J. Ryan, M. Wade, B. Walsh, G. C. Williams,
  and an anonymous reviewer for discussions and suggestions. This research was supported
  by National Science Foundation Grant DEB94 – 07969, Biotechnology and Biological
  Sciences Research Council Grants GRyHy09928 and GRyJy76057, and a travel grant from
  the Burroughs-Wellcome Fund.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Mark
  full_name: Kirkpatrick, Mark
  last_name: Kirkpatrick
- first_name: Nicholas H
  full_name: Barton, Nicholas H
  id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Barton
  orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240
citation:
  ama: Kirkpatrick M, Barton NH. The strength of indirect selection on female mating
    preferences. <i>PNAS</i>. 1997;94(4):1282-1286. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282">10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>
  apa: Kirkpatrick, M., &#38; Barton, N. H. (1997). The strength of indirect selection
    on female mating preferences. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>
  chicago: Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Strength of Indirect Selection
    on Female Mating Preferences.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 1997.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>.
  ieee: M. Kirkpatrick and N. H. Barton, “The strength of indirect selection on female
    mating preferences,” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 94, no. 4. National Academy of Sciences,
    pp. 1282–1286, 1997.
  ista: Kirkpatrick M, Barton NH. 1997. The strength of indirect selection on female
    mating preferences. PNAS. 94(4), 1282–1286.
  mla: Kirkpatrick, Mark, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Strength of Indirect Selection
    on Female Mating Preferences.” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 94, no. 4, National Academy of
    Sciences, 1997, pp. 1282–86, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282">10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282</a>.
  short: M. Kirkpatrick, N.H. Barton, PNAS 94 (1997) 1282–1286.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:21Z
date_published: 1997-02-18T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-08-19T09:25:21Z
day: '18'
doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1282
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '9037044 '
intvolume: '        94'
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://europepmc.org/article/med/9037044
month: '02'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 1282 - 1286
pmid: 1
publication: PNAS
publication_identifier:
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
publist_id: '2751'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The strength of indirect selection on female mating preferences
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 94
year: '1997'
...
---
_id: '3466'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Amphibian myelinated nerve fibers were treated with collagenase and protease.
    Axons with retraction of the myelin sheath were patch-clamped in the nodal and
    paranodal region. One type of Na channel was found. It has a single-channel conductance
    of 11 pS (15 degrees C) and is blocked by tetrodotoxin. Averaged events show the
    typical activation and inactivation kinetics of macroscopic Na current. Three
    potential-dependent K channels were identified (I, F, and S channel). The I channel,
    being the most frequent type, has a single-channel conductance of 23 pS (inward
    current, 105 mM K on both sides of the membrane), activates between -60 and -30
    mV, deactivates with intermediate kinetics, and is sensitive to dendrotoxin. The
    F channel has a conductance of 30 pS, activates between -40 and 60 mV, and deactivates
    with fast kinetics. The former inactivates within tens of seconds; the latter
    inactivates within seconds. The third type, the S channel, has a conductance of
    7 pS and deactivates slowly. All three channels can be blocked by external tetraethylammonium
    chloride. We suggest that these distinct K channel types form the basis for the
    different components of macroscopic K current described previously.
acknowledgement: We thank Drs. C. Baumann, D. Siemen, and W. Stuhmer for reading the
  manuscript and Dr. F. Dreyer for the generous gift of DTX. The study was supported
  by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Peter M
  full_name: Jonas, Peter M
  id: 353C1B58-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Jonas
  orcid: 0000-0001-5001-4804
- first_name: Michael
  full_name: Bräu, Michael
  last_name: Bräu
- first_name: Markus
  full_name: Hermsteiner, Markus
  last_name: Hermsteiner
- first_name: Werner
  full_name: Vogel, Werner
  last_name: Vogel
citation:
  ama: Jonas PM, Bräu M, Hermsteiner M, Vogel W. Single-channel recording in myelinated
    nerve fibers reveals one type of Na channel but different K channels. <i>PNAS</i>.
    1989;86(18):7238-7242. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238">10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238</a>
  apa: Jonas, P. M., Bräu, M., Hermsteiner, M., &#38; Vogel, W. (1989). Single-channel
    recording in myelinated nerve fibers reveals one type of Na channel but different
    K channels. <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238</a>
  chicago: Jonas, Peter M, Michael Bräu, Markus Hermsteiner, and Werner Vogel. “Single-Channel
    Recording in Myelinated Nerve Fibers Reveals One Type of Na Channel but Different
    K Channels.” <i>PNAS</i>. National Academy of Sciences, 1989. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238">https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238</a>.
  ieee: P. M. Jonas, M. Bräu, M. Hermsteiner, and W. Vogel, “Single-channel recording
    in myelinated nerve fibers reveals one type of Na channel but different K channels,”
    <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 86, no. 18. National Academy of Sciences, pp. 7238–7242, 1989.
  ista: Jonas PM, Bräu M, Hermsteiner M, Vogel W. 1989. Single-channel recording in
    myelinated nerve fibers reveals one type of Na channel but different K channels.
    PNAS. 86(18), 7238–7242.
  mla: Jonas, Peter M., et al. “Single-Channel Recording in Myelinated Nerve Fibers
    Reveals One Type of Na Channel but Different K Channels.” <i>PNAS</i>, vol. 86,
    no. 18, National Academy of Sciences, 1989, pp. 7238–42, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238">10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238</a>.
  short: P.M. Jonas, M. Bräu, M. Hermsteiner, W. Vogel, PNAS 86 (1989) 7238–7242.
date_created: 2018-12-11T12:03:28Z
date_published: 1989-09-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-02-14T16:12:33Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1073/pnas.86.18.7238
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '2550937 '
intvolume: '        86'
issue: '18'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC298032/?tool=pubmed
month: '09'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 7238 - 7242
pmid: 1
publication: PNAS
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 1091-6490
  issn:
  - 0027-8424
publication_status: published
publisher: National Academy of Sciences
publist_id: '2921'
quality_controlled: '1'
status: public
title: Single-channel recording in myelinated nerve fibers reveals one type of Na
  channel but different K channels
type: journal_article
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 86
year: '1989'
...