--- _id: '14452' abstract: - lang: eng text: The classical infinitesimal model is a simple and robust model for the inheritance of quantitative traits. In this model, a quantitative trait is expressed as the sum of a genetic and an environmental component, and the genetic component of offspring traits within a family follows a normal distribution around the average of the parents’ trait values, and has a variance that is independent of the parental traits. In previous work, we showed that when trait values are determined by the sum of a large number of additive Mendelian factors, each of small effect, one can justify the infinitesimal model as a limit of Mendelian inheritance. In this paper, we show that this result extends to include dominance. We define the model in terms of classical quantities of quantitative genetics, before justifying it as a limit of Mendelian inheritance as the number, M, of underlying loci tends to infinity. As in the additive case, the multivariate normal distribution of trait values across the pedigree can be expressed in terms of variance components in an ancestral population and probabilities of identity by descent determined by the pedigree. Now, with just first-order dominance effects, we require two-, three-, and four-way identities. We also show that, even if we condition on parental trait values, the “shared” and “residual” components of trait values within each family will be asymptotically normally distributed as the number of loci tends to infinity, with an error of order 1/M−−√⁠. We illustrate our results with some numerical examples. acknowledgement: NHB was supported in part by ERC Grants 250152 and 101055327. AV was partly supported by the chaire Modélisation Mathématique et Biodiversité of Veolia Environment—Ecole Polytechnique—Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle—Fondation X. article_number: iyad133 article_processing_charge: Yes (in subscription journal) article_type: original arxiv: 1 author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Alison M. full_name: Etheridge, Alison M. last_name: Etheridge - first_name: Amandine full_name: Véber, Amandine last_name: Véber citation: ama: Barton NH, Etheridge AM, Véber A. The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics. 2023;225(2). doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad133 apa: Barton, N. H., Etheridge, A. M., & Véber, A. (2023). The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics. Oxford Academic. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad133 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, Alison M. Etheridge, and Amandine Véber. “The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance.” Genetics. Oxford Academic, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad133. ieee: N. H. Barton, A. M. Etheridge, and A. Véber, “The infinitesimal model with dominance,” Genetics, vol. 225, no. 2. Oxford Academic, 2023. ista: Barton NH, Etheridge AM, Véber A. 2023. The infinitesimal model with dominance. Genetics. 225(2), iyad133. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., et al. “The Infinitesimal Model with Dominance.” Genetics, vol. 225, no. 2, iyad133, Oxford Academic, 2023, doi:10.1093/genetics/iyad133. short: N.H. Barton, A.M. Etheridge, A. Véber, Genetics 225 (2023). date_created: 2023-10-29T23:01:15Z date_published: 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2025-05-28T11:42:48Z day: '01' ddc: - '570' department: - _id: NiBa doi: 10.1093/genetics/iyad133 ec_funded: 1 external_id: arxiv: - '2211.03515' file: - access_level: open_access checksum: 3f65b1fbe813e2f4dbb5d2b5e891844a content_type: application/pdf creator: dernst date_created: 2023-10-30T12:57:53Z date_updated: 2023-10-30T12:57:53Z file_id: '14469' file_name: 2023_Genetics_Barton.pdf file_size: 1439032 relation: main_file success: 1 file_date_updated: 2023-10-30T12:57:53Z has_accepted_license: '1' intvolume: ' 225' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng month: '10' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version project: - _id: 25B07788-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: FP7 grant_number: '250152' name: Limits to selection in biology and in evolutionary computation - _id: bd6958e0-d553-11ed-ba76-86eba6a76c00 grant_number: '101055327' name: Understanding the evolution of continuous genomes publication: Genetics publication_identifier: eissn: - 1943-2631 issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Oxford Academic quality_controlled: '1' related_material: record: - id: '12949' relation: research_data status: public scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The infinitesimal model with dominance tmp: image: /images/cc_by.png legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0) short: CC BY (4.0) type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 225 year: '2023' ... --- _id: '7400' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Suppressed recombination allows divergence between homologous sex chromosomes and the functionality of their genes. Here, we reveal patterns of the earliest stages of sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious herb Mercurialis annua on the basis of cytological analysis, de novo genome assembly and annotation, genetic mapping, exome resequencing of natural populations, and transcriptome analysis. The genome assembly contained 34,105 expressed genes, of which 10,076 were assigned to linkage groups. Genetic mapping and exome resequencing of individuals across the species range both identified the largest linkage group, LG1, as the sex chromosome. Although the sex chromosomes of M. annua are karyotypically homomorphic, we estimate that about one-third of the Y chromosome, containing 568 transcripts and spanning 22.3 cM in the corresponding female map, has ceased recombining. Nevertheless, we found limited evidence for Y-chromosome degeneration in terms of gene loss and pseudogenization, and most X- and Y-linked genes appear to have diverged in the period subsequent to speciation between M. annua and its sister species M. huetii, which shares the same sex-determining region. Taken together, our results suggest that the M. annua Y chromosome has at least two evolutionary strata: a small old stratum shared with M. huetii, and a more recent larger stratum that is probably unique to M. annua and that stopped recombining ∼1 MYA. Patterns of gene expression within the nonrecombining region are consistent with the idea that sexually antagonistic selection may have played a role in favoring suppressed recombination.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Paris full_name: Veltsos, Paris last_name: Veltsos - first_name: Kate E. full_name: Ridout, Kate E. last_name: Ridout - first_name: Melissa A full_name: Toups, Melissa A id: 4E099E4E-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Toups orcid: 0000-0002-9752-7380 - first_name: Santiago C. full_name: González-Martínez, Santiago C. last_name: González-Martínez - first_name: Aline full_name: Muyle, Aline last_name: Muyle - first_name: Olivier full_name: Emery, Olivier last_name: Emery - first_name: Pasi full_name: Rastas, Pasi last_name: Rastas - first_name: Vojtech full_name: Hudzieczek, Vojtech last_name: Hudzieczek - first_name: Roman full_name: Hobza, Roman last_name: Hobza - first_name: Boris full_name: Vyskot, Boris last_name: Vyskot - first_name: Gabriel A. B. full_name: Marais, Gabriel A. B. last_name: Marais - first_name: Dmitry A. full_name: Filatov, Dmitry A. last_name: Filatov - first_name: John R. full_name: Pannell, John R. last_name: Pannell citation: ama: Veltsos P, Ridout KE, Toups MA, et al. Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua. Genetics. 2019;212(3):815-835. doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302045 apa: Veltsos, P., Ridout, K. E., Toups, M. A., González-Martínez, S. C., Muyle, A., Emery, O., … Pannell, J. R. (2019). Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302045 chicago: Veltsos, Paris, Kate E. Ridout, Melissa A Toups, Santiago C. González-Martínez, Aline Muyle, Olivier Emery, Pasi Rastas, et al. “Early Sex-Chromosome Evolution in the Diploid Dioecious Plant Mercurialis Annua.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302045. ieee: P. Veltsos et al., “Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua,” Genetics, vol. 212, no. 3. Genetics Society of America, pp. 815–835, 2019. ista: Veltsos P, Ridout KE, Toups MA, González-Martínez SC, Muyle A, Emery O, Rastas P, Hudzieczek V, Hobza R, Vyskot B, Marais GAB, Filatov DA, Pannell JR. 2019. Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua. Genetics. 212(3), 815–835. mla: Veltsos, Paris, et al. “Early Sex-Chromosome Evolution in the Diploid Dioecious Plant Mercurialis Annua.” Genetics, vol. 212, no. 3, Genetics Society of America, 2019, pp. 815–35, doi:10.1534/genetics.119.302045. short: P. Veltsos, K.E. Ridout, M.A. Toups, S.C. González-Martínez, A. Muyle, O. Emery, P. Rastas, V. Hudzieczek, R. Hobza, B. Vyskot, G.A.B. Marais, D.A. Filatov, J.R. Pannell, Genetics 212 (2019) 815–835. date_created: 2020-01-29T16:15:44Z date_published: 2019-07-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-09-07T14:49:29Z day: '01' department: - _id: BeVi doi: 10.1534/genetics.119.302045 ec_funded: 1 external_id: isi: - '000474809300015' pmid: - '31113811' intvolume: ' 212' isi: 1 issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.119.302045 month: '07' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 815-835 pmid: 1 project: - _id: 250BDE62-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425 call_identifier: H2020 grant_number: '715257' name: Prevalence and Influence of Sexual Antagonism on Genome Evolution publication: Genetics publication_identifier: eissn: - 1943-2631 issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Early sex-chromosome evolution in the diploid dioecious plant Mercurialis annua type: journal_article user_id: c635000d-4b10-11ee-a964-aac5a93f6ac1 volume: 212 year: '2019' ... --- _id: '7723' abstract: - lang: eng text: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified thousands of loci that are robustly associated with complex diseases. The use of linear mixed model (LMM) methodology for GWAS is becoming more prevalent due to its ability to control for population structure and cryptic relatedness and to increase power. The odds ratio (OR) is a common measure of the association of a disease with an exposure (e.g., a genetic variant) and is readably available from logistic regression. However, when the LMM is applied to all-or-none traits it provides estimates of genetic effects on the observed 0–1 scale, a different scale to that in logistic regression. This limits the comparability of results across studies, for example in a meta-analysis, and makes the interpretation of the magnitude of an effect from an LMM GWAS difficult. In this study, we derived transformations from the genetic effects estimated under the LMM to the OR that only rely on summary statistics. To test the proposed transformations, we used real genotypes from two large, publicly available data sets to simulate all-or-none phenotypes for a set of scenarios that differ in underlying model, disease prevalence, and heritability. Furthermore, we applied these transformations to GWAS summary statistics for type 2 diabetes generated from 108,042 individuals in the UK Biobank. In both simulation and real-data application, we observed very high concordance between the transformed OR from the LMM and either the simulated truth or estimates from logistic regression. The transformations derived and validated in this study improve the comparability of results from prospective and already performed LMM GWAS on complex diseases by providing a reliable transformation to a common comparative scale for the genetic effects. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Luke R. full_name: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R. last_name: Lloyd-Jones - first_name: Matthew Richard full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425 last_name: Robinson orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813 - first_name: Jian full_name: Yang, Jian last_name: Yang - first_name: Peter M. full_name: Visscher, Peter M. last_name: Visscher citation: ama: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Yang J, Visscher PM. Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to odds ratio. Genetics. 2018;208(4):1397-1408. doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300360 apa: Lloyd-Jones, L. R., Robinson, M. R., Yang, J., & Visscher, P. M. (2018). Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to odds ratio. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300360 chicago: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., Matthew Richard Robinson, Jian Yang, and Peter M. Visscher. “Transformation of Summary Statistics from Linear Mixed Model Association on All-or-None Traits to Odds Ratio.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300360. ieee: L. R. Lloyd-Jones, M. R. Robinson, J. Yang, and P. M. Visscher, “Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to odds ratio,” Genetics, vol. 208, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1397–1408, 2018. ista: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Yang J, Visscher PM. 2018. Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to odds ratio. Genetics. 208(4), 1397–1408. mla: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., et al. “Transformation of Summary Statistics from Linear Mixed Model Association on All-or-None Traits to Odds Ratio.” Genetics, vol. 208, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 2018, pp. 1397–408, doi:10.1534/genetics.117.300360. short: L.R. Lloyd-Jones, M.R. Robinson, J. Yang, P.M. Visscher, Genetics 208 (2018) 1397–1408. date_created: 2020-04-30T10:45:19Z date_published: 2018-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:06Z day: '01' doi: 10.1534/genetics.117.300360 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 208' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng month: '04' oa_version: None page: 1397-1408 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 - 1943-2631 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Transformation of summary statistics from linear mixed model association on all-or-none traits to odds ratio type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 208 year: '2018' ... --- _id: '7731' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Genetic association studies in admixed populations are underrepresented in the genomics literature, with a key concern for researchers being the adequate control of spurious associations due to population structure. Linear mixed models (LMMs) are well suited for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) because they account for both population stratification and cryptic relatedness and achieve increased statistical power by jointly modeling all genotyped markers. Additionally, Bayesian LMMs allow for more flexible assumptions about the underlying distribution of genetic effects, and can concurrently estimate the proportion of phenotypic variance explained by genetic markers. Using three recently published Bayesian LMMs, Bayes R, BSLMM, and BOLT-LMM, we investigate an existing data set on eye (n = 625) and skin (n = 684) color from Cape Verde, an island nation off West Africa that is home to individuals with a broad range of phenotypic values for eye and skin color due to the mix of West African and European ancestry. We use simulations to demonstrate the utility of Bayesian LMMs for mapping loci and studying the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in admixed populations. The Bayesian LMMs provide evidence for two new pigmentation loci: one for eye color (AHRR) and one for skin color (DDB1).' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Luke R. full_name: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R. last_name: Lloyd-Jones - first_name: Matthew Richard full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425 last_name: Robinson orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813 - first_name: Gerhard full_name: Moser, Gerhard last_name: Moser - first_name: Jian full_name: Zeng, Jian last_name: Zeng - first_name: Sandra full_name: Beleza, Sandra last_name: Beleza - first_name: Gregory S. full_name: Barsh, Gregory S. last_name: Barsh - first_name: Hua full_name: Tang, Hua last_name: Tang - first_name: Peter M. full_name: Visscher, Peter M. last_name: Visscher citation: ama: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Moser G, et al. Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models. Genetics. 2017;206(2):1113-1126. doi:10.1534/genetics.116.193383 apa: Lloyd-Jones, L. R., Robinson, M. R., Moser, G., Zeng, J., Beleza, S., Barsh, G. S., … Visscher, P. M. (2017). Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.193383 chicago: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., Matthew Richard Robinson, Gerhard Moser, Jian Zeng, Sandra Beleza, Gregory S. Barsh, Hua Tang, and Peter M. Visscher. “Inference on the Genetic Basis of Eye and Skin Color in an Admixed Population via Bayesian Linear Mixed Models.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.116.193383. ieee: L. R. Lloyd-Jones et al., “Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models,” Genetics, vol. 206, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1113–1126, 2017. ista: Lloyd-Jones LR, Robinson MR, Moser G, Zeng J, Beleza S, Barsh GS, Tang H, Visscher PM. 2017. Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models. Genetics. 206(2), 1113–1126. mla: Lloyd-Jones, Luke R., et al. “Inference on the Genetic Basis of Eye and Skin Color in an Admixed Population via Bayesian Linear Mixed Models.” Genetics, vol. 206, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 2017, pp. 1113–26, doi:10.1534/genetics.116.193383. short: L.R. Lloyd-Jones, M.R. Robinson, G. Moser, J. Zeng, S. Beleza, G.S. Barsh, H. Tang, P.M. Visscher, Genetics 206 (2017) 1113–1126. date_created: 2020-04-30T10:47:50Z date_published: 2017-06-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:10Z day: '01' doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.193383 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 206' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng month: '06' oa_version: None page: 1113-1126 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 - 1943-2631 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: Inference on the genetic basis of eye and skin color in an admixed population via Bayesian linear mixed models type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 206 year: '2017' ... --- _id: '7751' abstract: - lang: eng text: "This work demonstrates that environmental conditions experienced by individuals can shape their development and affect the stability of genetic associations. The implication of this observation is that the environmental response may influence the evolution of traits in the wild. Here, we examined how the genetic architecture of a suite of sexually dimorphic traits changed as a function of environmental conditions in an unmanaged population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) on the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, northwest Scotland. We examined the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) covariance in males during the first year of life between horn length, body weight, and parasite load in environments of different quality. We then examined the same covariance structures across environments within and between the adult sexes. We found significant genotype-by-environment interactions for lamb male body weight and parasite load, leading to a change in the genetic correlation among environments. Horn length was genetically correlated with body weight in males but not females and the genetic correlation among traits within and between the sexes was dependent upon the environmental conditions experienced during adulthood. Genetic correlations were smaller in more favorable environmental conditions, suggesting that in good environments, loci are expressed that have sex-specific effects. The reduction in genetic correlation between the sexes may allow independent evolutionary trajectories for each sex. This study demonstrates that the genetic architecture of traits is not stable under temporally varying environments and highlights the fact that evolutionary processes may depend largely upon ecological conditions.\r\nENVIRONMENTAL heterogeneity has long been recognized as an important factor influencing the evolution of fitness-related traits in the wild (Roff 2002). The evolution of a trait depends upon the selection upon it, underlying genetic variation, and to a large degree the genetic relationships with other traits (Lynch and Walsh 1998). There is evidence that selection can vary considerably from year to year (Price et al. 1984; Robinson et al. 2008) and genetic variability in quantitative traits can change in response to environmental conditions (Hoffmann and Merilä 1999; Charmantier and Garant 2005). However, we know surprisingly little about the influence of environmental conditions on genetic correlations between traits in wild populations. Laboratory evidence suggests that the environment may influence genetic relationships between traits (Sgrò and Hoffmann 2004), but estimates obtained in a controlled or in an arbitrary range of conditions show a lack of concordance with those obtained in wild habitats (Conner et al. 2003). As a result, laboratory and environment-specific estimates of genetic correlations can make predictions for a trait's evolution, but these are valid only for the environment in which they were measured. Therefore, at present, it is difficult to generalize about the evolution of a trait that is expressed in populations that experience variable environmental conditions (Steppan et al. 2002).\r\nThe influence of changing environmental conditions on the G matrix (the matrix of additive genetic variance and covariances corresponding to a set of traits) has been the focus of theoretical quantitative genetic studies (e.g., Jones et al. 2003). There is evidence of genotype-by-environment interaction for many traits expressed in wild populations (Charmantier and Garant 2005) and thus we may also expect that associations between traits may depend upon the environmental conditions encountered by an individual. Genetic correlations among traits may arise from pleiotropy, where a given locus affects more than one trait (Cheverud 1988; Lynch and Walsh 1998), which may limit the potential for those traits to evolve independently. There has recently been much interest in assessing genetic correlations between the sexes (Rice and Chippindale 2001; Foerster et al. 2007; Poissant et al. 2008), but all of these predictions have also been made in average environmental conditions. For sexually dimorphic traits, expectations of between-sex genetic correlations are unclear (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002). We might expect that the genetic determination of a trait and the patterns of genetic covariance between traits may differ both within and between the sexes, producing the differences in trait growth that are commonly observed (Lande 1980; Badyaev 2002; Roff 2002), but so far evidence suggests that genetic expression in both sexes is influenced by the same developmental pathway (Roff 2002; Jensen et al. 2003; Parker and Garant 2005). However, to our knowledge, no study has yet determined whether genetic correlations, both within and between the sexes, vary across gradients of the environmental conditions encountered by individuals in the wild (Garant et al. 2008).\r\nThis study aims to assess the stability of phenotypic, genetic, and environmental (residual) associations between traits, within and between the sexes, across a range of environmental conditions experienced by a wild population. We focus on the traits of horn length, body weight, and parasite load in a feral population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries) from the island of Hirta, St. Kilda, United Kingdom. Weather conditions, population density, and consequently resource availability fluctuate from year to year, providing substantial differences between individuals in the environments they experience and thus their survival rates (Clutton-Brock and Pemberton 2004). These varying conditions, combined with a large pedigree and extensive repeated morphological measures, provide an excellent opportunity to assess the potential effects of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture of traits. Previous studies on this population have shown additive genetic variance for many morphological traits (Milner et al. 2000; Coltman et al. 2001; Wilson et al. 2005), genetic correlations between traits (Coltman et al. 2001), and genotype-by-environment interactions for birth weight (Wilson et al. 2006). Here we apply a random regression animal model approach to assess the extent to which quantitative genetic parameters of a range of morphological traits measured during life vary as a function of environmental conditions. We then extend this methodology to the multivariate case, testing whether the phenotypic covariance structure, and the underlying G matrix, depends on the environmental conditions experienced. Since the traits considered here are known to be sexually dimorphic and there are differences in trait growth and survival across ages, we look at sex-specific traits in lambs and then across all ages." article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Matthew Richard full_name: Robinson, Matthew Richard id: E5D42276-F5DA-11E9-8E24-6303E6697425 last_name: Robinson orcid: 0000-0001-8982-8813 - first_name: Alastair J. full_name: Wilson, Alastair J. last_name: Wilson - first_name: Jill G. full_name: Pilkington, Jill G. last_name: Pilkington - first_name: Tim H. full_name: Clutton-Brock, Tim H. last_name: Clutton-Brock - first_name: Josephine M. full_name: Pemberton, Josephine M. last_name: Pemberton - first_name: Loeske E. B. full_name: Kruuk, Loeske E. B. last_name: Kruuk citation: ama: Robinson MR, Wilson AJ, Pilkington JG, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB. The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep. Genetics. 2009;181(4):1639-1648. doi:10.1534/genetics.108.086801 apa: Robinson, M. R., Wilson, A. J., Pilkington, J. G., Clutton-Brock, T. H., Pemberton, J. M., & Kruuk, L. E. B. (2009). The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.086801 chicago: Robinson, Matthew Richard, Alastair J. Wilson, Jill G. Pilkington, Tim H. Clutton-Brock, Josephine M. Pemberton, and Loeske E. B. Kruuk. “The Impact of Environmental Heterogeneity on Genetic Architecture in a Wild Population of Soay Sheep.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.108.086801. ieee: M. R. Robinson, A. J. Wilson, J. G. Pilkington, T. H. Clutton-Brock, J. M. Pemberton, and L. E. B. Kruuk, “The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep,” Genetics, vol. 181, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1639–1648, 2009. ista: Robinson MR, Wilson AJ, Pilkington JG, Clutton-Brock TH, Pemberton JM, Kruuk LEB. 2009. The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep. Genetics. 181(4), 1639–1648. mla: Robinson, Matthew Richard, et al. “The Impact of Environmental Heterogeneity on Genetic Architecture in a Wild Population of Soay Sheep.” Genetics, vol. 181, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 2009, pp. 1639–48, doi:10.1534/genetics.108.086801. short: M.R. Robinson, A.J. Wilson, J.G. Pilkington, T.H. Clutton-Brock, J.M. Pemberton, L.E.B. Kruuk, Genetics 181 (2009) 1639–1648. date_created: 2020-04-30T11:01:57Z date_published: 2009-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2021-01-12T08:15:17Z day: '01' doi: 10.1534/genetics.108.086801 extern: '1' intvolume: ' 181' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng month: '04' oa_version: None page: 1639-1648 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 - 1943-2631 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: The impact of environmental heterogeneity on genetic architecture in a wild population of soay sheep type: journal_article user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 volume: 181 year: '2009' ... --- _id: '3621' abstract: - lang: eng text: In 1991, Barton and Turelli developed recursions to describe the evolution of multilocus systems under arbitrary forms of selection. This article generalizes their approach to allow for arbitrary modes of inheritance, including diploidy, polyploidy, sex linkage, cytoplasmic inheritance, and genomic imprinting. The framework is also extended to allow for other deterministic evolutionary forces, including migration and mutation. Exact recursions that fully describe the state of the population are presented; these are implemented in a computer algebra package (available on the Web at http://helios.bto.ed.ac.uk/evolgen). Despite the generality of our framework, it can describe evolutionary dynamics exactly by just two equations. These recursions can be further simplified using a "quasi-linkage equilibrium" (QLE) approximation. We illustrate the methods by finding the effect of natural selection, sexual selection, mutation, and migration on the genetic composition of a population. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Mark full_name: Kirkpatrick, Mark last_name: Kirkpatrick - first_name: Toby full_name: Johnson, Toby last_name: Johnson - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Kirkpatrick M, Johnson T, Barton NH. General models of multilocus evolution. Genetics. 2002;161(4):1727-1750. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727 apa: Kirkpatrick, M., Johnson, T., & Barton, N. H. (2002). General models of multilocus evolution. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727 chicago: Kirkpatrick, Mark, Toby Johnson, and Nicholas H Barton. “General Models of Multilocus Evolution.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727. ieee: M. Kirkpatrick, T. Johnson, and N. H. Barton, “General models of multilocus evolution,” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1727–1750, 2002. ista: Kirkpatrick M, Johnson T, Barton NH. 2002. General models of multilocus evolution. Genetics. 161(4), 1727–1750. mla: Kirkpatrick, Mark, et al. “General Models of Multilocus Evolution.” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 2002, pp. 1727–50, doi:10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727. short: M. Kirkpatrick, T. Johnson, N.H. Barton, Genetics 161 (2002) 1727–1750. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:17Z date_published: 2002-08-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-07-11T13:20:26Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/161.4.1727 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '12196414' intvolume: ' 161' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462196/ month: '08' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1727 - 1750 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2762' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: General models of multilocus evolution type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 161 year: '2002' ... --- _id: '4258' abstract: - lang: eng text: We studied the effect of multilocus balancing selection on neutral nucleotide variability at linked sites by simulating a model where diallelic polymorphisms are maintained at an arbitrary number of selected loci by means of symmetric overdominance. Different combinations of alleles define different genetic backgrounds that subdivide the population and strongly affect variability. Several multilocus fitness regimes with different degrees of epistasis and gametic disequilibrium are allowed. Analytical results based on a multilocus extension of the structured coalescent predict that the expected linked neutral diversity increases exponentially with the number of selected loci and can become extremely large. Our simulation results show that although variability increases with the number of genetic backgrounds that are maintained in the population, it is reduced by random fluctuations in the frequencies of those backgrounds and does not reach high levels even in very large populations. We also show that previous results on balancing selection in single-locus systems do not extend to the multilocus scenario in a straightforward way. Different patterns of linkage disequilibrium and of the frequency spectrum of neutral mutations are expected under different degrees of epistasis. Interestingly, the power to detect balancing selection using deviations from a neutral distribution of allele frequencies seems to be diminished under the fitness regime that leads to the largest increase of variability over the neutral case. This and other results are discussed in the light of data from the Mhc. acknowledgement: We thank P. Andolfatto, P. Awadalla, B. Charlesworth, D. Charles- Guillaudeux, T., M. Janer, G. K. S. Wong, T. Spies and D. E. Geraghty, F. Depaulis, S. Otto, J. Rozas, and three anonymous reviewers for valuable discussion and criticism. A.N. is grateful to F. Depaulis, whose comments were particularly helpful (and extremely funny), and to D. Charlesworth, whose ideas made this work readable. This work was supported by Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council/Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Arcadio full_name: Navarro, Arcadio last_name: Navarro - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Navarro A, Barton NH. The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability. Genetics. 2002;161(2):849-863. doi:10.1093/genetics/161.2.849 apa: Navarro, A., & Barton, N. H. (2002). The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.849 chicago: Navarro, Arcadio, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effects of Multilocus Balancing Selection on Neutral Variability.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/161.2.849. ieee: A. Navarro and N. H. Barton, “The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability,” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 849–863, 2002. ista: Navarro A, Barton NH. 2002. The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability. Genetics. 161(2), 849–863. mla: Navarro, Arcadio, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effects of Multilocus Balancing Selection on Neutral Variability.” Genetics, vol. 161, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 2002, pp. 849–63, doi:10.1093/genetics/161.2.849. short: A. Navarro, N.H. Barton, Genetics 161 (2002) 849–863. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:53Z date_published: 2002-06-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-06-06T12:02:32Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/161.2.849 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '12072479' intvolume: ' 161' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462137/ month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 849 - 863 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1835' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The effects of multilocus balancing selection on neutral variability type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 161 year: '2002' ... --- _id: '4259' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'We extend current multilocus models to describe the effects of migration, recombination, selection, and nonrandom mating on sets of genes in diploids with varied modes of inheritance, allowing us to consider the patterns of nuclear and cytonuclear associations (disequilibria) under various models of migration. We show the relationship between the multilocus notation recently presented by Kirkpatrick, Johnson, and Barton (developed from previous work by Barton and Turelli) and the cytonuclear parameterization of Asmussen, Arnold, and Avise and extend this notation to describe associations between cytoplasmic elements and multiple nuclear genes. Under models with sexual symmetry, both nuclear-nuclear and cytonuclear disequilibria are equivalent. They differ, however, in cases involving some type of sexual asymmetry, which is then reflected in the asymmetric inheritance of cytoplasmic markers. An example given is the case of different migration rates in males and females; simulations using 2, 3, 4, or 5 unlinked autosomal markers with a maternally inherited cytoplasmic marker illustrate how nuclear-nuclear and cytonuclear associations can be used to separately estimate female and male migration rates. The general framework developed here allows us to investigate conditions where associations between loci with different modes of inheritance are not equivalent and to use this nonequivalence to test for deviations from simple models of admixture. ' acknowledgement: The authors thank Toby Johnson for his helpful comments on this manuscript. This work was supported by a National Science Foundation NATO postdoctoral fellowship and National Science Foundation grants DEB-9813335 and DEB-0108242 to M.E.O.; N.H.B. gratefully acknowledges the support of the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh and the National Environmental Research Council. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Maria full_name: Orive, Maria last_name: Orive - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Orive M, Barton NH. Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations. Genetics. 2002;162(3):1469-1485. doi:10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469 apa: Orive, M., & Barton, N. H. (2002). Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469 chicago: Orive, Maria, and Nicholas H Barton. “Associations between Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Loci in Hybridizing Populations.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469. ieee: M. Orive and N. H. Barton, “Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations,” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 3. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1469–1485, 2002. ista: Orive M, Barton NH. 2002. Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations. Genetics. 162(3), 1469–1485. mla: Orive, Maria, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Associations between Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Loci in Hybridizing Populations.” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 3, Genetics Society of America, 2002, pp. 1469–85, doi:10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469. short: M. Orive, N.H. Barton, Genetics 162 (2002) 1469–1485. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:54Z date_published: 2002-11-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-06-06T12:19:54Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.3.1469 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '12454089' intvolume: ' 162' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462324/ month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 1469 - 1485 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1836' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Associations between cytoplasmic and nuclear loci in hybridizing populations type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 162 year: '2002' ... --- _id: '4260' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'We calculate the fixation probability of a beneficial allele that arises as the result of a unique mutation in an asexual population that is subject to recurrent deleterious mutation at rate U. Our analysis is an extension of previous works, which make a biologically restrictive assumption that selection against deleterious alleles is stronger than that on the beneficial allele of interest. We show that when selection against deleterious alleles is weak, beneficial alleles that confer a selective advantage that is small relative to U have greatly reduced probabilities of fixation. We discuss the consequences of this effect for the distribution of effects of alleles fixed during adaptation. We show that a selective sweep will increase the fixation probabilities of other beneficial mutations arising during some short interval afterward. We use the calculated fixation probabilities to estimate the expected rate of fitness improvement in an asexual population when beneficial alleles arise continually at some low rate proportional to U. We estimate the rate of mutation that is optimal in the sense that it maximizes this rate of fitness improvement. Again, this analysis relaxes the assumption made previously that selection against deleterious alleles is stronger than on beneficial alleles. ' acknowledgement: "We thank Brian Charlesworth, Arcadi Navarro, Allen Orr, Sally Otto, Mario Pineda-Krch, Rosie Redfield, Olivier Tenaillon, and two anonymous reviewers for discussions and/or helpful comments on the\r\nmanuscript. T.J. is supported by Wellcome Trust International Prize Travelling Research Fellowship no. 061530. N.B. is supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and by the Natural Environment Research Council." article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Toby full_name: Johnson, Toby last_name: Johnson - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Johnson T, Barton NH. The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual populations. Genetics. 2002;162(1):395-411. doi:10.1093/genetics/162.1.395 apa: Johnson, T., & Barton, N. H. (2002). The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual populations. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.395 chicago: Johnson, Toby, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effect of Deleterious Alleles on Adaptation in Asexual Populations.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.395. ieee: T. Johnson and N. H. Barton, “The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual populations,” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 395–411, 2002. ista: Johnson T, Barton NH. 2002. The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual populations. Genetics. 162(1), 395–411. mla: Johnson, Toby, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effect of Deleterious Alleles on Adaptation in Asexual Populations.” Genetics, vol. 162, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 2002, pp. 395–411, doi:10.1093/genetics/162.1.395. short: T. Johnson, N.H. Barton, Genetics 162 (2002) 395–411. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:54Z date_published: 2002-09-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-06-06T11:45:48Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/162.1.395 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '12242249' intvolume: ' 162' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1462245/ month: '09' oa: 1 oa_version: None page: 395 - 411 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1833' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The effect of deleterious alleles on adaptation in asexual populations type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 162 year: '2002' ... --- _id: '4270' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'A coalescence-based maximum-likelihood method is presented that aims to (i) detect diversity-reducing events in the recent history of a population and (ii) distinguish between demographic (e.g., bottlenecks) and selective causes (selective sweep) of a recent reduction of genetic variability. The former goal is achieved by taking account of the distortion in the shape of gene genealogies generated by diversity-reducing events: gene trees tend to be more star-like than under the standard coalescent. The latter issue is addressed by comparing patterns between loci: demographic events apply to the whole genome whereas selective events affect distinct regions of the genome to a varying extent. The maximum-likelihood approach allows one to estimate the time and strength of diversity-reducing events and to choose among competing hypotheses. An application to sequence data from an African population of Drosophila melanogaster shows that the bottleneck hypothesis is unlikely and that one or several selective sweeps probably occurred in the recent history of this population.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicolas full_name: Galtier, Nicolas last_name: Galtier - first_name: Frantz full_name: Depaulis, Frantz last_name: Depaulis - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Galtier N, Depaulis F, Barton NH. Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism. Genetics. 2000;155(2):981-987. doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.981 apa: Galtier, N., Depaulis, F., & Barton, N. H. (2000). Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.981 chicago: Galtier, Nicolas, Frantz Depaulis, and Nicholas H Barton. “Detecting Bottlenecks and Selective Sweeps from DNA Sequence Polymorphism.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/155.2.981. ieee: N. Galtier, F. Depaulis, and N. H. Barton, “Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism,” Genetics, vol. 155, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 981–987, 2000. ista: Galtier N, Depaulis F, Barton NH. 2000. Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism. Genetics. 155(2), 981–987. mla: Galtier, Nicolas, et al. “Detecting Bottlenecks and Selective Sweeps from DNA Sequence Polymorphism.” Genetics, vol. 155, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 2000, pp. 981–87, doi:10.1093/genetics/155.2.981. short: N. Galtier, F. Depaulis, N.H. Barton, Genetics 155 (2000) 981–987. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:07:57Z date_published: 2000-06-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2023-04-19T14:03:56Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/155.2.981 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '10835415' intvolume: ' 155' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461106/ month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: None page: 981 - 987 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1822' status: public title: Detecting bottlenecks and selective sweeps from DNA sequence polymorphism type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 155 year: '2000' ... --- _id: '3626' abstract: - lang: eng text: There has recently been considerable debate over the relative importance of selection against hybrids ("endogenous" selection) vs. adaptation to different environments ("exogenous") in maintaining stable hybrid zones and hence in speciation. Single-locus models of endogenous and exogenous viability selection generate clines of similar shape, but the comparison has not been extended to multilocus systems, which are both quantitatively and qualitatively very different from the single-locus case. Here we develop an analytical multilocus model of differential adaptation across an environmental transition and compare it to previous heterozygote disadvantage models. We show that the shape of clines generated by exogenous selection is indistinguishable from that generated by endogenous selection. A stochastic simulation model is used to test the robustness of the analytical description to the effects of drift and strong selection, and confirms the prediction that pairwise linkage disequilibria are predominantly generated by migration. However, although analytical predictions for the width of clines maintained by heterozygote disadvantage fit well with the simulation results, those for environmental adaptation are consistently too narrow; reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. There is a smooth transition between a system in which a set of loci effectively act independently of each other and one in which they act as a single nonrecombining unit. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Loeske full_name: Kruuk, Loeske last_name: Kruuk - first_name: Stuart full_name: Baird, Stuart last_name: Baird - first_name: Katherine full_name: Gale, Katherine last_name: Gale - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Kruuk L, Baird S, Gale K, Barton NH. A comparison of multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids. Genetics. 1999;153(4):1959-1971. doi:10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959 apa: Kruuk, L., Baird, S., Gale, K., & Barton, N. H. (1999). A comparison of multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959 chicago: Kruuk, Loeske, Stuart Baird, Katherine Gale, and Nicholas H Barton. “A Comparison of Multilocus Clines Maintained by Environmental Adaptation or by Selection against Hybrids.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959. ieee: L. Kruuk, S. Baird, K. Gale, and N. H. Barton, “A comparison of multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids,” Genetics, vol. 153, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 1959–1971, 1999. ista: Kruuk L, Baird S, Gale K, Barton NH. 1999. A comparison of multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids. Genetics. 153(4), 1959–1971. mla: Kruuk, Loeske, et al. “A Comparison of Multilocus Clines Maintained by Environmental Adaptation or by Selection against Hybrids.” Genetics, vol. 153, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 1999, pp. 1959–71, doi:10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959. short: L. Kruuk, S. Baird, K. Gale, N.H. Barton, Genetics 153 (1999) 1959–1971. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:19Z date_published: 1999-12-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-09-06T09:06:02Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/153.4.1959 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '10581299' intvolume: ' 153' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng month: '12' oa_version: None page: 1959 - 1971 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2757' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: A comparison of multilocus clines maintained by environmental adaptation or by selection against hybrids type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 153 year: '1999' ... --- _id: '4279' abstract: - lang: eng text: In this article we describe the structure of a hybrid zone in Argyll, Scotland, between native red deer (Cervus elaphus) and introduced Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon), on the basis of a genetic analysis using 11 microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA. In contrast to the findings of a previous study of the same population, we conclude that the deer fall into two distinct genetic classes, corresponding to either a sika-like or red- like phenotype. Introgression is rare at any one locus, but where the taxa overlap up to 40% of deer carry apparently introgressed alleles. While most putative hybrids are heterozygous at only one locus, there are rare multiple heterozygotes, reflecting significant linkage disequilibrium within both sika- and red-like populations. The rate of backcrossing into the sika population is estimated as H = 0.002 per generation and into red, H = 0.001 per generation. On the basis of historical evidence that red deer entered Kintyre only recently, a diffusion model evaluated by maximum likelihood shows that sika have increased at ~9.2% yr-1 from low frequency and disperse at a rate of ~3.7 km yr-1. Introgression into the red-like population is greater in the south, while introgression into sika varies little along the transect. For both sika- and red-like populations, the degree of introgression is 30-40% of that predicted from the rates of current hybridization inferred from linkage disequilibria; however, in neither case is this statistically significant evidence for selection against introgression. acknowledgement: We are grateful to Forest Enterprise in Argyll for providing the samples used in this study. We also thank Loeske Kruuk plus the communicating editor and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by a Natural Environment Research Council grant to N.B. and J.P. and by a University of Edinburgh postgraduate bursary to G.S. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Simon full_name: Goodman, Simon last_name: Goodman - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Graeme full_name: Swanson, Graeme last_name: Swanson - first_name: Kate full_name: Abernethy, Kate last_name: Abernethy - first_name: Josephine full_name: Pemberton, Josephine last_name: Pemberton citation: ama: 'Goodman S, Barton NH, Swanson G, Abernethy K, Pemberton J. Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics. 1999;152(1):355-371. doi:10.1093/genetics/152.1.355' apa: 'Goodman, S., Barton, N. H., Swanson, G., Abernethy, K., & Pemberton, J. (1999). Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.1.355' chicago: 'Goodman, Simon, Nicholas H Barton, Graeme Swanson, Kate Abernethy, and Josephine Pemberton. “Introgression through Rare Hybridisation: A Genetic Study of a Hybrid Zone between Red and Sika Deer (Genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1999. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/152.1.355.' ieee: 'S. Goodman, N. H. Barton, G. Swanson, K. Abernethy, and J. Pemberton, “Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland,” Genetics, vol. 152, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 355–371, 1999.' ista: 'Goodman S, Barton NH, Swanson G, Abernethy K, Pemberton J. 1999. Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics. 152(1), 355–371.' mla: 'Goodman, Simon, et al. “Introgression through Rare Hybridisation: A Genetic Study of a Hybrid Zone between Red and Sika Deer (Genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland.” Genetics, vol. 152, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1999, pp. 355–71, doi:10.1093/genetics/152.1.355.' short: S. Goodman, N.H. Barton, G. Swanson, K. Abernethy, J. Pemberton, Genetics 152 (1999) 355–371. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:01Z date_published: 1999-05-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-09-06T08:12:14Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/152.1.355 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '10224266' intvolume: ' 152' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng month: '05' oa_version: None page: 355 - 371 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1809' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'Introgression through rare hybridisation: A genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus), in Argyll, Scotland' type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 152 year: '1999' ... --- _id: '3628' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'Determining the way in which deleterious mutations interact in their effects on fitness is crucial to numerous areas in population genetics and evolutionary biology. For example, if each additional mutation leads to a greater decrease in log fitness than the last (synergistic epistasis), then the evolution of sex and recombination may be favored to facilitate the elimination of deleterious mutations. However, there is a severe shortage of relevant data. Three relatively simple experimental methods to test for epistasis between deleterious mutations in haploid species have recently been proposed. These methods involve crossing individuals and examining the mean and/or skew in log fitness of the offspring and parents. The main aim of this paper is to formalize these methods, and determine the most effective way in which tests for epistasis could be carried out. We show that only one of these methods is likely to give useful results: crossing individuals that have very different numbers of deleterious mutations, and comparing the mean log fitness of the parents with that of their offspring. We also reconsider experimental data collected on Chlamydomonas moewussi using two of the three methods. Finally, we suggest how the test could be applied to diploid species.' acknowledgement: We thank BRIAN CHARLESWORTH, ANDREW CLARK, LAURENCE HURST, PETER KEIGHTLEY, ALEXEY KONDRASHOV, CURT LIVELY, MARGARET MACKINNON, KATRINA LYTHGOE, SALLY OTTO, ANDREW READ and ARJAN DE VISSER for useful discussion and comments on the manuscript. This work was supported by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Stuart full_name: West, Stuart last_name: West - first_name: Andrew full_name: Peters, Andrew last_name: Peters - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: West S, Peters A, Barton NH. Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations. Genetics. 1998;149(1):435-444. doi:10.1093/genetics/149.1.435 apa: West, S., Peters, A., & Barton, N. H. (1998). Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.435 chicago: West, Stuart, Andrew Peters, and Nicholas H Barton. “Testing for Epistasis between Deleterious Mutations.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.1.435. ieee: S. West, A. Peters, and N. H. Barton, “Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations,” Genetics, vol. 149, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 435–444, 1998. ista: West S, Peters A, Barton NH. 1998. Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations. Genetics. 149(1), 435–444. mla: West, Stuart, et al. “Testing for Epistasis between Deleterious Mutations.” Genetics, vol. 149, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1998, pp. 435–44, doi:10.1093/genetics/149.1.435. short: S. West, A. Peters, N.H. Barton, Genetics 149 (1998) 435–444. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:19Z date_published: 1998-05-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-08-29T08:53:09Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/149.1.435 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '9584115' intvolume: ' 149' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/149/1/435/6034229 month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: None page: 435 - 444 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2755' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Testing for epistasis between deleterious mutations type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 149 year: '1998' ... --- _id: '3630' abstract: - lang: eng text: This paper derives the long-term effective size, Ne, for a general model of population subdivision, allowing for differential deme fitness, variable emigration and immigration rates, extinction, colonization, and correlations across generations in these processes. We show that various long-term measures of Ne are equivalent. The effective size of a metapopulation can be expressed in a variety of ways. At a demographic equilibrium, Ne can be derived from the demography by combining information about the ultimate contribution of each deme to the future genetic make-up of the population and Wright's FST's. The effective size is given by Ne = 1/(1 + var (upsilon) ((1 - FST)/Nin), where n is the number of demes, theta i is the eventual contribution of individuals in deme i to the whole population (scaled such that sigma theta i = n), and < > denotes an average weighted by theta i. This formula is applied to a catastrophic extinction model (where sites are either empty or at carrying capacity) and to a metapopulation model with explicit dynamics, where extinction is caused by demographic stochasticity and by chaos. Contrary to the expectation from the standard island model, the usual effect of population subdivision is to decrease the effective size relative to a panmictic population living on the same resource. acknowledgement: This paper has benefited greatly from the kind efforts oF ARMANDO CABALLERO, PETER KEIGHTLEY, BEATE NÜRNBERCER and SALLY OTTO in reading and discussing the manuscript. We also thank MONTY SLATKIN and three anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments. One of these reviewers in particular greatly improved this paper. The work reported here was supported by a grant from the Science and Engineering Research Council (U.R) and the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh, as well as by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (Canada). article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Michael full_name: Whitlock, Michael last_name: Whitlock - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Whitlock M, Barton NH. The effective size of a subdivided population. Genetics. 1997;146(1):427-441. doi:10.1093/genetics/146.1.427 apa: Whitlock, M., & Barton, N. H. (1997). The effective size of a subdivided population. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427 chicago: Whitlock, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Effective Size of a Subdivided Population.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/146.1.427. ieee: M. Whitlock and N. H. Barton, “The effective size of a subdivided population,” Genetics, vol. 146, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 427–441, 1997. ista: Whitlock M, Barton NH. 1997. The effective size of a subdivided population. Genetics. 146(1), 427–441. mla: Whitlock, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Effective Size of a Subdivided Population.” Genetics, vol. 146, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 427–41, doi:10.1093/genetics/146.1.427. short: M. Whitlock, N.H. Barton, Genetics 146 (1997) 427–441. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:20Z date_published: 1997-05-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-08-19T10:01:10Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/146.1.427 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '9136031 ' intvolume: ' 146' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/146/1/427/6053913 month: '05' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 427 - 441 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2753' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: The effective size of a subdivided population type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 146 year: '1997' ... --- _id: '4285' abstract: - lang: eng text: One of the oldest hypotheses for the advantage of recombination is that recombination allo rvs beneficial mutations that arise in different individuals to be placed together on the same chromosome. Unless recombination occurs, one of the beneficial alleles is doomed to extinction, slowing the rate at which adaptive mutations are incorporated within a population. We model the effects of a modifier of recombination on the fixation probability of beneficial mutations when beneficial alleles are segregating at other loci. We find that modifier alleles that increase recombination do increase the fixation probability of beneficial mutants and subsequently hitchhike along as the mutants rise in frequency. The strength of selection favoring a modifier that increases recombination is proportional to lambda(2)S delta r/r when linkage is tight and lambda(2)S(3) delta r/N when linkage is loose, where lambda is the beneficial mutation rate per genome per generation throughout a population of size N, S is the average mutant effect, r is the average recombination rate, and delta ris the amount that recombination is modified. We conclude that selection for recombination will be substantial only if there is tight linkage within the genome or if many loci are subject to directional selection as during periods of rapid evolutionary change. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Sarah full_name: Otto, Sarah last_name: Otto - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: 'Otto S, Barton NH. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 1997;147(2):879-906. doi:10.1093/genetics/147.2.879' apa: 'Otto, S., & Barton, N. H. (1997). The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879' chicago: 'Otto, Sarah, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Evolution of Recombination: Removing the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/147.2.879.' ieee: 'S. Otto and N. H. Barton, “The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection,” Genetics, vol. 147, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 879–906, 1997.' ista: 'Otto S, Barton NH. 1997. The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 147(2), 879–906.' mla: 'Otto, Sarah, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Evolution of Recombination: Removing the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics, vol. 147, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 879–906, doi:10.1093/genetics/147.2.879.' short: S. Otto, N.H. Barton, Genetics 147 (1997) 879–906. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:02Z date_published: 1997-10-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-08-18T11:36:10Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/147.2.879 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '9335621' intvolume: ' 147' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/147/2/879/6054161 month: '10' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 879 - 906 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1796' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'The evolution of recombination: Removing the limits to natural selection' type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 147 year: '1997' ... --- _id: '4286' abstract: - lang: eng text: A local barrier to gene flow will delay the spread of an advantageous allele. Exact calculations for the deterministic case show that an allele that is favorable when rare is delayed very little even by a strong barrier; its spread is allowed by a time proportional to log((B/σ)√2S)/S, where B is the barrier strength, σ the dispersal range, and fitnesses are 1:1 + S:1 + 2S. However, when there is selection against heterozytes, such that the allele cannot increase from low frequency, a barrier can cause a much greater delay. If gene flow is reduced below a critical value, spread is entirely prevented. Stochastic simulations show that with additive selection, random drift slows down the spread of the allele, below the deterministic speed of σ√2S. The delay to the advance of an advantageous allele caused by a strong barrier can be substantially increased by random drift and increases with B/(2Sρσ2) in a one-dimensional habitat of density ρ. However, with selection against heterozygotes, drift can facilitate the spread and can free an allele that would otherwise be trapped indefinitely by a strong barrier. We discuss the implications of these results for the evolution of chromosome rearrangements. acknowledgement: We are specially grateful to H. C. HAUFFE for allowing us to present her unpublished data. B. NURNBERGER, J. B. SEARLE, H. C. HAUFFE, S. BAIRD, L. KRUUK and two anonymous referees gave constructive comments on the manuscript. The work was supported by the European Union (Human Capital and Mobility Contract No. RB4050PL922765. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Jaroslav full_name: Piálek, Jaroslav last_name: Piálek - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: 'Piálek J, Barton NH. The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. Genetics. 1997;145(2):493-504. doi:10.1093/genetics/145.2.493' apa: 'Piálek, J., & Barton, N. H. (1997). The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493' chicago: 'Piálek, Jaroslav, and Nicholas H Barton. “The Spread of an Advantageous Allele across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection against Heterozygotes.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/145.2.493.' ieee: 'J. Piálek and N. H. Barton, “The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes,” Genetics, vol. 145, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 493–504, 1997.' ista: 'Piálek J, Barton NH. 1997. The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes. Genetics. 145(2), 493–504.' mla: 'Piálek, Jaroslav, and Nicholas H. Barton. “The Spread of an Advantageous Allele across a Barrier: The Effects of Random Drift and Selection against Heterozygotes.” Genetics, vol. 145, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1997, pp. 493–504, doi:10.1093/genetics/145.2.493.' short: J. Piálek, N.H. Barton, Genetics 145 (1997) 493–504. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:08:03Z date_published: 1997-02-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-08-18T12:34:37Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/145.2.493 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '9071602' intvolume: ' 145' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://academic.oup.com/genetics/article/145/2/493/6018085 month: '02' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 493 - 504 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '1797' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: 'The spread of an advantageous allele across a barrier: the effects of random drift and selection against heterozygotes' type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 145 year: '1997' ... --- _id: '3640' abstract: - lang: eng text: 'The probability of fixation of a favorable mutation is reduced if selection at other loci causes inherited variation in fitness. A general method for calculating the fixation probability of an allele that can find itself in a variety of genetic backgrounds is applied to find the effect of substitutions, fluctuating polymorphisms, and deleterious mutations in a large population. With loose linkage, r, the effects depend on the additive genetic variance in relative fitness, var(W), and act by reducing effective population size by (N/Ne) = 1 + var(W)/2r2. However, tightly linked loci can have a substantial effect not predictable from Ne. Linked deleterious mutations reduce the fixation probability of weakly favored alleles by exp (-2U/R), where U is the total mutation rate and R is the map length in Morgans. Substitutions can cause a greater reduction: an allele with advantage s < scrit = (pi 2/6) loge (S/s) [var(W)/R] is very unlikely to be fixed. (S is the advantage of the substitution impeding fixation.) Fluctuating polymorphisms at many (n) linked loci can also have a substantial effect, reducing fixation probability by exp [square root of 2Kn var(W)/R] [K = -1/E((u-u)2/uv) depending on the frequencies (u,v) at the selected polymorphisms]. Hitchhiking due to all three kinds of selection may substantially impede adaptation that depends on weakly favored alleles.' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: Barton NH. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 1995;140(2):821-841. doi:http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long apa: Barton, N. H. (1995). Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long chicago: Barton, Nicholas H. “Linkage and the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1995. http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long. ieee: N. H. Barton, “Linkage and the limits to natural selection,” Genetics, vol. 140, no. 2. Genetics Society of America, pp. 821–841, 1995. ista: Barton NH. 1995. Linkage and the limits to natural selection. Genetics. 140(2), 821–841. mla: Barton, Nicholas H. “Linkage and the Limits to Natural Selection.” Genetics, vol. 140, no. 2, Genetics Society of America, 1995, pp. 821–41, doi:http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long. short: N.H. Barton, Genetics 140 (1995) 821–841. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:23Z date_published: 1995-06-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-06-24T09:59:08Z day: '01' doi: http://www.genetics.org/content/140/2/821.long extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '7498757' intvolume: ' 140' issue: '2' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206655/ month: '06' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 821 - 841 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2743' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Linkage and the limits to natural selection type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 140 year: '1995' ... --- _id: '3642' abstract: - lang: eng text: We develop a general population genetic framework for analyzing selection on many loci, and apply it to strong truncation and disruptive selection on an additive polygenic trait. We first present statistical methods for analyzing the infinitesimal model, in which offspring breeding values are normally distributed around the mean of the parents, with fixed variance. These show that the usual assumption of a Gaussian distribution of breeding values in the population gives remarkably accurate predictions for the mean and the variance, even when disruptive selection generates substantial deviations from normality. We then set out a general genetic analysis of selection and recombination. The population is represented by multilocus cumulants describing the distribution of haploid genotypes, and selection is described by the relation between mean fitness and these cumulants. We provide exact recursions in terms of generating functions for the effects of selection on non-central moments. The effects of recombination are simply calculated as a weighted sum over all the permutations produced by meiosis. Finally, the new cumulants that describe the next generation are computed from the non-central moments. Although this scheme is applied here in detail only to selection on an additive trait, it is quite general. For arbitrary epistasis and linkage, we describe a consistent infinitesimal limit in which the short-term selection response is dominated by infinitesimal allele frequency changes and linkage disequilibria. Numerical multilocus results show that the standard Gaussian approximation gives accurate predictions for the dynamics of the mean and genetic variance in this limit. Even with intense truncation selection, linkage disequilibria of order three and higher never cause much deviation from normality. Thus, the empirical deviations frequently found between predicted and observed responses to artificial selection are not caused by linkage-disequilibrium-induced departures from normality. Disruptive selection can generate substantial four-way disequilibria, and hence kurtosis; but even then, the Gaussian assumption predicts the variance accurately. In contrast to the apparent simplicity of the infinitesimal limit, data suggest that changes in genetic variance after 10 or more generations of selection are likely to be dominated by allele frequency dynamics that depend on genetic details. article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Michael full_name: Turelli, Michael last_name: Turelli - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 citation: ama: 'Turelli M, Barton NH. Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal? Genetics. 1994;138(3):913-941. doi:10.1093/genetics/138.3.913' apa: 'Turelli, M., & Barton, N. H. (1994). Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal? Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.913' chicago: 'Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H Barton. “Genetic and Statistical Analyses of Strong Selection on Polygenic Traits: What, Me Normal?” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/138.3.913.' ieee: 'M. Turelli and N. H. Barton, “Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal?,” Genetics, vol. 138, no. 3. Genetics Society of America, pp. 913–941, 1994.' ista: 'Turelli M, Barton NH. 1994. Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal? Genetics. 138(3), 913–941.' mla: 'Turelli, Michael, and Nicholas H. Barton. “Genetic and Statistical Analyses of Strong Selection on Polygenic Traits: What, Me Normal?” Genetics, vol. 138, no. 3, Genetics Society of America, 1994, pp. 913–41, doi:10.1093/genetics/138.3.913.' short: M. Turelli, N.H. Barton, Genetics 138 (1994) 913–941. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:24Z date_published: 1994-11-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-06-03T08:18:54Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/138.3.913 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '7851785' intvolume: ' 138' issue: '3' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7851785/ month: '11' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 913 - 941 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2741' quality_controlled: '1' status: public title: 'Genetic and statistical analyses of strong selection on polygenic traits: What, me normal?' type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 138 year: '1994' ... --- _id: '3647' abstract: - lang: eng text: A method is developed that describes the effects on an arbitrary number of autosomal loci of selection on haploid and diploid stages, of nonrandom mating between haploid individuals, and of recombination. We provide exact recursions for the dynamics of allele frequencies and linkage disequilibria (nonrandom associations of alleles across loci). When selection is weak relative to recombination, our recursions provide simple approximations for the linkage disequilibria among arbitrary combinations of loci. We show how previous models of sex-independent natural selection on diploids, assortative mating between haploids, and sexual selection on haploids can be analyzed in this framework. Using our weak-selection approximations, we derive new results concerning the coevolution of male traits and female preferences under natural and sexual selection. In particular, we provide general expressions for the intensity of linkage-disequilibrium induced selection experienced by loci that contribute to female preferences for specific male traits. Our general results support the previous observation that these indirect selection forces are so weak that they are unlikely to dominate the evolution of preference-producing loci. acknowledgement: "BENGT OLLE BENGTSSON, JERRY COYNE, RICHARD GOMULKIEWICZ, CHUCK LANGLEY, LINDA PARTRIDGE, MONTY SLATKIN, and NEAL TAYLOR gave helpful comments on preliminary versions, which are gratefully acknowledged. We are particularly indebted to DICK HUDSON, MARK KIRKPATRICK and TOM NAGYLAKI for\r\nhelping to eliminate many obscurities. This work was supported by the Science and Engineering Research Council (GR/C/91529, GR/E/08507), the National Science Foundation (BSR-8866548), the Institute of Theoretical Dynamics and the Center for Population Biology at the University of California, Davis, and by the Swedish Natural Science Research Council. " article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Michael full_name: Turelli, Michael last_name: Turelli citation: ama: Barton NH, Turelli M. Natural and sexual selection on many loci. Genetics. 1991;127(1):229-255. doi:10.1093/genetics/127.1.229 apa: Barton, N. H., & Turelli, M. (1991). Natural and sexual selection on many loci. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.1.229 chicago: Barton, Nicholas H, and Michael Turelli. “Natural and Sexual Selection on Many Loci.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/127.1.229. ieee: N. H. Barton and M. Turelli, “Natural and sexual selection on many loci,” Genetics, vol. 127, no. 1. Genetics Society of America, pp. 229–255, 1991. ista: Barton NH, Turelli M. 1991. Natural and sexual selection on many loci. Genetics. 127(1), 229–255. mla: Barton, Nicholas H., and Michael Turelli. “Natural and Sexual Selection on Many Loci.” Genetics, vol. 127, no. 1, Genetics Society of America, 1991, pp. 229–55, doi:10.1093/genetics/127.1.229. short: N.H. Barton, M. Turelli, Genetics 127 (1991) 229–255. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:25Z date_published: 1991-01-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-03-02T15:23:02Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/127.1.229 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '2016044' intvolume: ' 127' issue: '1' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1204308/ month: '01' oa_version: None page: 229 - 255 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2736' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Natural and sexual selection on many loci type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 127 year: '1991' ... --- _id: '3650' abstract: - lang: eng text: Hybrid zones can yield estimates of natural selection and gene flow. The width of a cline in gene frequency is approximately proportional to gene flow (σ) divided by the square root of per-locus selection ( &s). Gene flow also causes gametic correlations (linkage disequilibria) between genes that differ across hybrid zones. Correlations are stronger when the hybrid zone is narrow, and rise to a maximum roughly equal to s. Thus cline width and gametic correlations combine to give estimates of gene flow and selection. These indirect measures of σ and s are especially useful because they can be made from collections, and require no field experiments. The method was applied to hybrid zones between color pattern races in a pair of Peruvian Heliconius butterfly species. The species are Mullerian mimics of one another, and both show the same changes in warning color pattern across their respective hybrid zones. The expectations of cline width and gametic correlation were generated using simulations of clines stabilized by strong frequency-dependent selection. In the hybrid zone in Heliconius erato, clines at three major color pattern loci were between 8.5 and 10.2 km wide, and the pairwise gametic correlations peaked at R & 0.35. These measures suggest that s & 0.23 per locus, and that σ & 2.6 km. In erato, the shapes of the clines agreed with that expected on the basis of dominance. Heliconius melpomene has a nearly coincident hybrid zone. In this species, cline widths at four major color pattern loci varied between 11.7 and 13.4 km. Pairwise gametic correlations peaked near R & 1.00 for tightly linked genes, and at R & 0.40 for unlinked genes, giving s & 0.25 per locus and σ & 3.7 km. In melpomene, cline shapes did not perfectly fit theoretical shapes based on dominance; this deviation might be explained by long-distance migration and/or strong epistasis. Compared with erato, sample sizes in melpomene are lower and the genetics of its color patterns are less well understood. In spite of these problems, selection and gene flow are clearly of the same order of magnitude in the two species. The relatively high per locus selection coefficients agree with ``major gene'' theories for the evolution of Mullerian mimicry, but the genetic architecture of the color patterns does not. These results show that the genetics and evolution of mimicry are still only sketchily understood. acknowledgement: 'We thank the Natural Environmental Research Council, the Royal Society, the Nuffield Foundation, CONCYTEC, and Mrs. G. W. BORLASE for financial support, and the people of San Martin for their generous hospitality. We are very grateful to S. D. KNAPP, who helped by maintaining our sanity and rearing larvae. We are also grateful to an anonymous reviewer, A. W. PORTER, J. C. SCHNEIDER, M. TURELLI and C. E. WATSON for helpful comments on the manuscript. This paper was approved for publication as journal article no. 5-7255 of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, Mississippi State University, project no. MIS-2 122. ' article_processing_charge: No article_type: original author: - first_name: James full_name: Mallet, James last_name: Mallet - first_name: Nicholas H full_name: Barton, Nicholas H id: 4880FE40-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87 last_name: Barton orcid: 0000-0002-8548-5240 - first_name: Gerado full_name: Lamas, Gerado last_name: Lamas - first_name: José full_name: Santisteban, José last_name: Santisteban - first_name: Manuel full_name: Muedas, Manuel last_name: Muedas - first_name: Harriet full_name: Eeley, Harriet last_name: Eeley citation: ama: Mallet J, Barton NH, Lamas G, Santisteban J, Muedas M, Eeley H. Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones. Genetics. 1990;124(4):921-936. doi:10.1093/genetics/124.4.921 apa: Mallet, J., Barton, N. H., Lamas, G., Santisteban, J., Muedas, M., & Eeley, H. (1990). Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones. Genetics. Genetics Society of America. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.4.921 chicago: Mallet, James, Nicholas H Barton, Gerado Lamas, José Santisteban, Manuel Muedas, and Harriet Eeley. “Estimates of Selection and Gene Flow from Measures of Cline Width and Linkage Disequilibrium in Heliconius Hybrid Zones.” Genetics. Genetics Society of America, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/124.4.921. ieee: J. Mallet, N. H. Barton, G. Lamas, J. Santisteban, M. Muedas, and H. Eeley, “Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones,” Genetics, vol. 124, no. 4. Genetics Society of America, pp. 921–936, 1990. ista: Mallet J, Barton NH, Lamas G, Santisteban J, Muedas M, Eeley H. 1990. Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones. Genetics. 124(4), 921–936. mla: Mallet, James, et al. “Estimates of Selection and Gene Flow from Measures of Cline Width and Linkage Disequilibrium in Heliconius Hybrid Zones.” Genetics, vol. 124, no. 4, Genetics Society of America, 1990, pp. 921–36, doi:10.1093/genetics/124.4.921. short: J. Mallet, N.H. Barton, G. Lamas, J. Santisteban, M. Muedas, H. Eeley, Genetics 124 (1990) 921–936. date_created: 2018-12-11T12:04:26Z date_published: 1990-04-01T00:00:00Z date_updated: 2022-02-23T11:04:17Z day: '01' doi: 10.1093/genetics/124.4.921 extern: '1' external_id: pmid: - '2323556' intvolume: ' 124' issue: '4' language: - iso: eng main_file_link: - open_access: '1' url: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1203983/ month: '04' oa: 1 oa_version: Published Version page: 921 - 936 pmid: 1 publication: Genetics publication_identifier: issn: - 0016-6731 publication_status: published publisher: Genetics Society of America publist_id: '2733' quality_controlled: '1' scopus_import: '1' status: public title: Estimates of selection and gene flow from measures of cline width and linkage disequilibrium in Heliconius hybrid zones type: journal_article user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17 volume: 124 year: '1990' ...