---
_id: '14516'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'We revisit decentralized random beacons with a focus on practical distributed
    applications. Decentralized random beacons (Beaver and So, Eurocrypt''93) provide
    the functionality for n parties to generate an unpredictable sequence of bits
    in a way that cannot be biased, which is useful for any decentralized protocol
    requiring trusted randomness. Existing beacon constructions are highly inefficient
    in practical settings where protocol parties need to rejoin after crashes or disconnections,
    and more significantly where smart contracts may rely on arbitrary index points
    in high-volume streams. For this, we introduce a new notion of history-generating
    decentralized random beacons (HGDRBs). Roughly, the history-generation property
    of HGDRBs allows for previous beacon outputs to be efficiently generated knowing
    only the current value and the public key. At application layers, history-generation
    supports registering a sparser set of on-chain values if desired, so that apps
    like lotteries can utilize on-chain values without incurring high-frequency costs,
    enjoying all the benefits of DRBs implemented off-chain or with decoupled, special-purpose
    chains. Unlike rollups, HG is tailored specifically to recovering and verifying
    pseudorandom bit sequences and thus enjoys unique optimizations investigated in
    this work. We introduce STROBE: an efficient HGDRB construction which generalizes
    the original squaring-based RSA approach of Beaver and So. STROBE enjoys several
    useful properties that make it suited for practical applications that use beacons:
    1) history-generating: it can regenerate and verify high-throughput beacon streams,
    supporting sparse (thus cost-effective) ledger entries; 2) concisely self-verifying:
    NIZK-free, with state and validation employing a single ring element; 3) eco-friendly:
    stake-based rather than work based; 4) unbounded: refresh-free, addressing limitations
    of Beaver and So; 5) delay-free: results are immediately available. 6) storage-efficient:
    the last beacon suffices to derive all past outputs, thus O(1) storage requirements
    for nodes serving the whole history.'
acknowledgement: Work done when all the authors were at Novi Research, Meta.
alternative_title:
- LIPIcs
article_number: '7'
article_processing_charge: Yes
author:
- first_name: Donald
  full_name: Beaver, Donald
  last_name: Beaver
- first_name: Mahimna
  full_name: Kelkar, Mahimna
  last_name: Kelkar
- first_name: Kevin
  full_name: Lewi, Kevin
  last_name: Lewi
- first_name: Valeria
  full_name: Nikolaenko, Valeria
  last_name: Nikolaenko
- first_name: Alberto
  full_name: Sonnino, Alberto
  last_name: Sonnino
- first_name: Konstantinos
  full_name: Chalkias, Konstantinos
  last_name: Chalkias
- first_name: Eleftherios
  full_name: Kokoris Kogias, Eleftherios
  id: f5983044-d7ef-11ea-ac6d-fd1430a26d30
  last_name: Kokoris Kogias
- first_name: Ladi De
  full_name: Naurois, Ladi De
  last_name: Naurois
- first_name: Arnab
  full_name: Roy, Arnab
  last_name: Roy
citation:
  ama: 'Beaver D, Kelkar M, Lewi K, et al. STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons.
    In: <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>. Vol 282. Schloss
    Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik; 2023. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7">10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>'
  apa: 'Beaver, D., Kelkar, M., Lewi, K., Nikolaenko, V., Sonnino, A., Chalkias, K.,
    … Roy, A. (2023). STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons. In <i>5th Conference
    on Advances in Financial Technologies</i> (Vol. 282). Princeton, NJ, United States:
    Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>'
  chicago: 'Beaver, Donald, Mahimna Kelkar, Kevin Lewi, Valeria Nikolaenko, Alberto
    Sonnino, Konstantinos Chalkias, Eleftherios Kokoris Kogias, Ladi De Naurois, and
    Arnab Roy. “STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons.” In <i>5th Conference
    on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>, Vol. 282. Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum
    für Informatik, 2023. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7">https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>.'
  ieee: 'D. Beaver <i>et al.</i>, “STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons,” in
    <i>5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>, Princeton, NJ, United
    States, 2023, vol. 282.'
  ista: 'Beaver D, Kelkar M, Lewi K, Nikolaenko V, Sonnino A, Chalkias K, Kokoris
    Kogias E, Naurois LD, Roy A. 2023. STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons.
    5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies. AFT: Conference on Advances
    in Financial Technologies, LIPIcs, vol. 282, 7.'
  mla: 'Beaver, Donald, et al. “STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons.” <i>5th
    Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies</i>, vol. 282, 7, Schloss Dagstuhl
    - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2023, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7">10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7</a>.'
  short: D. Beaver, M. Kelkar, K. Lewi, V. Nikolaenko, A. Sonnino, K. Chalkias, E.
    Kokoris Kogias, L.D. Naurois, A. Roy, in:, 5th Conference on Advances in Financial
    Technologies, Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik, 2023.
conference:
  end_date: 2023-10-25
  location: Princeton, NJ, United States
  name: 'AFT: Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies'
  start_date: 2023-10-23
date_created: 2023-11-12T23:00:55Z
date_published: 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-11-13T08:52:01Z
day: '01'
ddc:
- '000'
department:
- _id: ElKo
doi: 10.4230/LIPIcs.AFT.2023.7
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: c1f98831cb5149d6c030c41999e6e960
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2023-11-13T08:44:34Z
  date_updated: 2023-11-13T08:44:34Z
  file_id: '14521'
  file_name: 2023_LIPIcs_Beaver.pdf
  file_size: 793495
  relation: main_file
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file_date_updated: 2023-11-13T08:44:34Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '       282'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/1643
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: 5th Conference on Advances in Financial Technologies
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9783959773034'
  issn:
  - 1868-8969
publication_status: published
publisher: Schloss Dagstuhl - Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'STROBE: Streaming Threshold Random Beacons'
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: conference
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 282
year: '2023'
...