---
_id: '2545'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: 'Glutamate receptors play an important role in many integrative brain functions
    and in neuronal development. We report the molecular diversity of NMDA receptors
    and metabotropic glutamate receptors on the basis of our studies of molecular
    cloning and characterization of the diverse members of these receptors. The NMDA
    receptors consist of two distinct types of subunits. NMDAR1 possesses all properties
    characteristic of the NMDA receptor-channel complex, whereas the four NMDAR2 subunits,
    termed NMDAR2A-2D, show no channel activity but potentiate the NMDAR1 activity
    and confer functional variability by different heteromeric formations. The NMDA
    receptor subunits are considerably divergent from the other ligand-gated ion channels,
    and the structural architecture of these subunits remains elusive. The mGluRs
    form a family of at least seven different subtypes termed mGluR1-mGluR7. These
    receptor subtypes have, seven transmembrane segments and possess a large extracellular
    domain at their N-terminal regions. The seven mGluR subtypes are classified into
    three subgroups according to their sequence similarities, signal transduction
    mechanisms and agonist selectivities: mGluR1/mGluR5, mGluR2/mGluR3 and mGluR4/mGluR6/mGluR7.
    On the basis of our knowledge of the molecular diversity of the NMDA receptors
    and mGluRs, we have studied the physiological roles of individual receptor subunits
    or subtypes. We have shown that K(+)-induced depolarization or NMDA treatment
    in primary cultures of neonatal cerebellar granule cells induces the functional
    NMDA receptor and specifically up-regulates NMDAR2A mRNA among the multiple NMDA
    receptor subunits through the increase in resting intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.
    Our study demonstrates that the regulation of the specific NMDA receptor subunit
    mRNA governs the NMDA receptor induction that is thought to play an important
    role in granule cell survival and death. Analysis of an agonist selectivity and
    an expression pattern of mGluR6 has indicated that mGluR6 is responsible for synaptic
    neurotransmission from photoreceptor cells to ON-bipolar cells in the visual system.
    We have also investigated the function of mGluR2 in granule cells of the accessory
    olfactory bulb by combining immunoelectron-microscopic analysis with slice-patch
    recordings on the basis of the identification of a new agonist selective for this
    receptor subtype. Our results demonstrate that mGluR2 is present at the presynaptic
    site of granule cells and modulates inhibitory GABA transmission from granule
    cells to mitral cells. This finding indicates that the mGluR2 activation relieves
    excited mitral cells from GABA inhibition but maintains the lateral inhibition
    of unexcited mitral cells, thus resulting in enhancement of the signal-to-noise
    ratio between the excited mitral cells and their neighboring unexcited mitral
    cells.'
article_processing_charge: No
author:
- first_name: Shigetada
  full_name: Nakanishi, Shigetada
  last_name: Nakanishi
- first_name: Masayuki
  full_name: Masu, Masayuki
  last_name: Masu
- first_name: Yasumasa
  full_name: Bessho, Yasumasa
  last_name: Bessho
- first_name: Yoshiaki
  full_name: Nakajima, Yoshiaki
  last_name: Nakajima
- first_name: Yasunori
  full_name: Hayashi, Yasunori
  last_name: Hayashi
- first_name: Ryuichi
  full_name: Shigemoto, Ryuichi
  id: 499F3ABC-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Shigemoto
  orcid: 0000-0001-8761-9444
citation:
  ama: 'Nakanishi S, Masu M, Bessho Y, Nakajima Y, Hayashi Y, Shigemoto R. Molecular
    diversity of glutamate receptors and their physiological functions. In: <i>Experientia
    Supplementum</i>. Vol 71. Birkhäuser; 1994:71-80. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8">10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8</a>'
  apa: Nakanishi, S., Masu, M., Bessho, Y., Nakajima, Y., Hayashi, Y., &#38; Shigemoto,
    R. (1994). Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and their physiological
    functions. In <i>Experientia Supplementum</i> (Vol. 71, pp. 71–80). Birkhäuser.
    <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8</a>
  chicago: Nakanishi, Shigetada, Masayuki Masu, Yasumasa Bessho, Yoshiaki Nakajima,
    Yasunori Hayashi, and Ryuichi Shigemoto. “Molecular Diversity of Glutamate Receptors
    and Their Physiological Functions.” In <i>Experientia Supplementum</i>, 71:71–80.
    Birkhäuser, 1994. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8">https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8</a>.
  ieee: S. Nakanishi, M. Masu, Y. Bessho, Y. Nakajima, Y. Hayashi, and R. Shigemoto,
    “Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and their physiological functions,”
    in <i>Experientia Supplementum</i>, vol. 71, Birkhäuser, 1994, pp. 71–80.
  ista: 'Nakanishi S, Masu M, Bessho Y, Nakajima Y, Hayashi Y, Shigemoto R. 1994.Molecular
    diversity of glutamate receptors and their physiological functions. In: Experientia
    Supplementum. vol. 71, 71–80.'
  mla: Nakanishi, Shigetada, et al. “Molecular Diversity of Glutamate Receptors and
    Their Physiological Functions.” <i>Experientia Supplementum</i>, vol. 71, Birkhäuser,
    1994, pp. 71–80, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8">10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8</a>.
  short: S. Nakanishi, M. Masu, Y. Bessho, Y. Nakajima, Y. Hayashi, R. Shigemoto,
    in:, Experientia Supplementum, Birkhäuser, 1994, pp. 71–80.
date_created: 2018-12-11T11:58:18Z
date_published: 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2022-06-09T10:08:24Z
day: '01'
doi: 10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8
extern: '1'
external_id:
  pmid:
  - '8032174'
intvolume: '        71'
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- url: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-7330-7_8
month: '01'
oa_version: None
page: 71 - 80
pmid: 1
publication: Experientia Supplementum
publication_identifier:
  isbn:
  - '9783034873321'
publication_status: published
publisher: Birkhäuser
publist_id: '4352'
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Molecular diversity of glutamate receptors and their physiological functions
type: book_chapter
user_id: ea97e931-d5af-11eb-85d4-e6957dddbf17
volume: 71
year: '1994'
...