@article{14437, abstract = {Future LEDs could be based on lead halide perovskites. A breakthrough in preparing device-compatible solids composed of nanoscale perovskite crystals overcomes a long-standing hurdle in making blue perovskite LEDs.}, author = {Utzat, Hendrik and Ibáñez, Maria}, issn = {1476-4687}, journal = {Nature}, keywords = {Multidisciplinary}, number = {7941}, pages = {638--639}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{Molecular engineering enables bright blue LEDs}}, doi = {10.1038/d41586-022-04447-0}, volume = {612}, year = {2022}, } @misc{14520, abstract = {This dataset comprises all data shown in the figures of the submitted article "Compact vacuum gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses" at arxiv.org/abs/2206.14104. Additional raw data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.}, author = {Zemlicka, Martin and Redchenko, Elena and Peruzzo, Matilda and Hassani, Farid and Trioni, Andrea and Barzanjeh, Shabir and Fink, Johannes M}, publisher = {Zenodo}, title = {{Compact vacuum gap transmon qubits: Selective and sensitive probes for superconductor surface losses}}, doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.8408897}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{14597, abstract = {Phase-field models such as the Allen-Cahn equation may give rise to the formation and evolution of geometric shapes, a phenomenon that may be analyzed rigorously in suitable scaling regimes. In its sharp-interface limit, the vectorial Allen-Cahn equation with a potential with N≥3 distinct minima has been conjectured to describe the evolution of branched interfaces by multiphase mean curvature flow. In the present work, we give a rigorous proof for this statement in two and three ambient dimensions and for a suitable class of potentials: As long as a strong solution to multiphase mean curvature flow exists, solutions to the vectorial Allen-Cahn equation with well-prepared initial data converge towards multiphase mean curvature flow in the limit of vanishing interface width parameter ε↘0. We even establish the rate of convergence O(ε1/2). Our approach is based on the gradient flow structure of the Allen-Cahn equation and its limiting motion: Building on the recent concept of "gradient flow calibrations" for multiphase mean curvature flow, we introduce a notion of relative entropy for the vectorial Allen-Cahn equation with multi-well potential. This enables us to overcome the limitations of other approaches, e.g. avoiding the need for a stability analysis of the Allen-Cahn operator or additional convergence hypotheses for the energy at positive times.}, author = {Fischer, Julian L and Marveggio, Alice}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Quantitative convergence of the vectorial Allen-Cahn equation towards multiphase mean curvature flow}}, doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2203.17143}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{14600, abstract = {We study the problem of learning controllers for discrete-time non-linear stochastic dynamical systems with formal reach-avoid guarantees. This work presents the first method for providing formal reach-avoid guarantees, which combine and generalize stability and safety guarantees, with a tolerable probability threshold $p\in[0,1]$ over the infinite time horizon. Our method leverages advances in machine learning literature and it represents formal certificates as neural networks. In particular, we learn a certificate in the form of a reach-avoid supermartingale (RASM), a novel notion that we introduce in this work. Our RASMs provide reachability and avoidance guarantees by imposing constraints on what can be viewed as a stochastic extension of level sets of Lyapunov functions for deterministic systems. Our approach solves several important problems -- it can be used to learn a control policy from scratch, to verify a reach-avoid specification for a fixed control policy, or to fine-tune a pre-trained policy if it does not satisfy the reach-avoid specification. We validate our approach on $3$ stochastic non-linear reinforcement learning tasks.}, author = {Zikelic, Dorde and Lechner, Mathias and Henzinger, Thomas A and Chatterjee, Krishnendu}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Learning control policies for stochastic systems with reach-avoid guarantees}}, doi = {10.48550/ARXIV.2210.05308}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{14601, abstract = {In this work, we address the problem of learning provably stable neural network policies for stochastic control systems. While recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of certifying given policies using martingale theory, the problem of how to learn such policies is little explored. Here, we study the effectiveness of jointly learning a policy together with a martingale certificate that proves its stability using a single learning algorithm. We observe that the joint optimization problem becomes easily stuck in local minima when starting from a randomly initialized policy. Our results suggest that some form of pre-training of the policy is required for the joint optimization to repair and verify the policy successfully.}, author = {Zikelic, Dorde and Lechner, Mathias and Chatterjee, Krishnendu and Henzinger, Thomas A}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{Learning stabilizing policies in stochastic control systems}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2205.11991}, year = {2022}, } @misc{13064, abstract = {Genetically informed, deep-phenotyped biobanks are an important research resource and it is imperative that the most powerful, versatile, and efficient analysis approaches are used. Here, we apply our recently developed Bayesian grouped mixture of regressions model (GMRM) in the UK and Estonian Biobanks and obtain the highest genomic prediction accuracy reported to date across 21 heritable traits. When compared to other approaches, GMRM accuracy was greater than annotation prediction models run in the LDAK or LDPred-funct software by 15% (SE 7%) and 14% (SE 2%), respectively, and was 18% (SE 3%) greater than a baseline BayesR model without single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers grouped into minor allele frequency–linkage disequilibrium (MAF-LD) annotation categories. For height, the prediction accuracy R 2 was 47% in a UK Biobank holdout sample, which was 76% of the estimated h SNP 2 . We then extend our GMRM prediction model to provide mixed-linear model association (MLMA) SNP marker estimates for genome-wide association (GWAS) discovery, which increased the independent loci detected to 16,162 in unrelated UK Biobank individuals, compared to 10,550 from BoltLMM and 10,095 from Regenie, a 62 and 65% increase, respectively. The average χ2 value of the leading markers increased by 15.24 (SE 0.41) for every 1% increase in prediction accuracy gained over a baseline BayesR model across the traits. Thus, we show that modeling genetic associations accounting for MAF and LD differences among SNP markers, and incorporating prior knowledge of genomic function, is important for both genomic prediction and discovery in large-scale individual-level studies.}, author = {Orliac, Etienne and Trejo Banos, Daniel and Ojavee, Sven and Läll, Kristi and Mägi, Reedik and Visscher, Peter and Robinson, Matthew Richard}, publisher = {Dryad}, title = {{Improving genome-wide association discovery and genomic prediction accuracy in biobank data}}, doi = {10.5061/DRYAD.GTHT76HMZ}, year = {2022}, } @misc{13066, abstract = {Chromosomal inversions have been shown to play a major role in local adaptation by suppressing recombination between alternative arrangements and maintaining beneficial allele combinations. However, so far, their importance relative to the remaining genome remains largely unknown. Understanding the genetic architecture of adaptation requires better estimates of how loci of different effect sizes contribute to phenotypic variation. Here, we used three Swedish islands where the marine snail Littorina saxatilis has repeatedly evolved into two distinct ecotypes along a habitat transition. We estimated the contribution of inversion polymorphisms to phenotypic divergence while controlling for polygenic effects in the remaining genome using a quantitative genetics framework. We confirmed the importance of inversions but showed that contributions of loci outside inversions are of similar magnitude, with variable proportions dependent on the trait and the population. Some inversions showed consistent effects across all sites, whereas others exhibited site-specific effects, indicating that the genomic basis for replicated phenotypic divergence is only partly shared. The contributions of sexual dimorphism as well as environmental factors to phenotypic variation were significant but minor compared to inversions and polygenic background. Overall, this integrated approach provides insight into the multiple mechanisms contributing to parallel phenotypic divergence.}, author = {Koch, Eva and Ravinet, Mark and Westram, Anja M and Jonannesson, Kerstin and Butlin, Roger}, publisher = {Dryad}, title = {{Data from: Genetic architecture of repeated phenotypic divergence in Littorina saxatilis ecotype evolution}}, doi = {10.5061/DRYAD.M905QFV4B}, year = {2022}, } @misc{13076, abstract = {The source code for replicating experiments presented in the paper. The implementation of the designed priority schedulers can be found in Galois-2.2.1/include/Galois/WorkList/: StealingMultiQueue.h is the StealingMultiQueue. MQOptimized/ contains MQ Optimized variants. We provide images that contain all the dependencies and datasets. Images can be pulled from npostnikova/mq-based-schedulers repository, or downloaded from Zenodo. See readme for more detail.}, author = {Postnikova, Anastasiia and Koval, Nikita and Nadiradze, Giorgi and Alistarh, Dan-Adrian}, publisher = {Zenodo}, title = {{Multi-queues can be state-of-the-art priority schedulers}}, doi = {10.5281/ZENODO.5733408}, year = {2022}, } @inproceedings{13239, abstract = {Brains are thought to engage in predictive learning - learning to predict upcoming stimuli - to construct an internal model of their environment. This is especially notable for spatial navigation, as first described by Tolman’s latent learning tasks. However, predictive learning has also been observed in sensory cortex, in settings unrelated to spatial navigation. Apart from normative frameworks such as active inference or efficient coding, what could be the utility of learning to predict the patterns of occurrence of correlated stimuli? Here we show that prediction, and thereby the construction of an internal model of sequential stimuli, can bootstrap the learning process of a working memory task in a recurrent neural network. We implemented predictive learning alongside working memory match-tasks, and networks emerged to solve the prediction task first by encoding information across time to predict upcoming stimuli, and then eavesdropped on this solution to solve the matching task. Eavesdropping was most beneficial when neural resources were limited. Hence, predictive learning acts as a general neural mechanism to learn to store sensory information that can later be essential for working memory tasks.}, author = {Van Der Plas, Thijs L. and Vogels, Tim P and Manohar, Sanjay G.}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}, issn = {2640-3498}, pages = {518--531}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{Predictive learning enables neural networks to learn complex working memory tasks}}, volume = {199}, year = {2022}, } @article{13240, abstract = {Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that causes corn smut disease. As a well-established model system, U. maydis is genetically fully accessible with large omics datasets available and subject to various biological questions ranging from DNA-repair, RNA-transport, and protein secretion to disease biology. For many genetic approaches, tight control of transgene regulation is important. Here we established an optimised version of the Tetracycline-ON (TetON) system for U. maydis. We demonstrate the Tetracycline concentration-dependent expression of fluorescent protein transgenes and the system’s suitability for the induced expression of the toxic protein BCL2 Associated X-1 (Bax1). The Golden Gate compatible vector system contains a native minimal promoter from the mating factor a-1 encoding gene, mfa with ten copies of the tet-regulated operator (tetO) and a codon optimised Tet-repressor (tetR*) which is translationally fused to the native transcriptional corepressor Mql1 (UMAG_05501). The metabolism-independent transcriptional regulator system is functional both, in liquid culture as well as on solid media in the presence of the inducer and can become a useful tool for toxin-antitoxin studies, identification of antifungal proteins, and to study functions of toxic gene products in Ustilago maydis.}, author = {Ingole, Kishor D. and Nagarajan, Nithya and Uhse, Simon and Giannini, Caterina and Djamei, Armin}, issn = {2673-6128}, journal = {Frontiers in Fungal Biology}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, title = {{Tetracycline-controlled (TetON) gene expression system for the smut fungus Ustilago maydis}}, doi = {10.3389/ffunb.2022.1029114}, volume = {3}, year = {2022}, } @inproceedings{13241, abstract = {Addressing fairness concerns about machine learning models is a crucial step towards their long-term adoption in real-world automated systems. Many approaches for training fair models from data have been developed and an implicit assumption about such algorithms is that they are able to recover a fair model, despite potential historical biases in the data. In this work we show a number of impossibility results that indicate that there is no learning algorithm that can recover a fair model when a proportion of the dataset is subject to arbitrary manipulations. Specifically, we prove that there are situations in which an adversary can force any learner to return a biased classifier, with or without degrading accuracy, and that the strength of this bias increases for learning problems with underrepresented protected groups in the data. Our results emphasize on the importance of studying further data corruption models of various strength and of establishing stricter data collection practices for fairness-aware learning.}, author = {Konstantinov, Nikola H and Lampert, Christoph}, booktitle = {Proceedings of Machine Learning Research}, issn = {2640-3498}, pages = {59--83}, publisher = {ML Research Press}, title = {{On the impossibility of fairness-aware learning from corrupted data}}, volume = {171}, year = {2022}, } @unpublished{14216, abstract = {CLIP proved that aligning visual and language spaces is key to solving many vision tasks without explicit training, but required to train image and text encoders from scratch on a huge dataset. LiT improved this by only training the text encoder and using a pre-trained vision network. In this paper, we show that a common space can be created without any training at all, using single-domain encoders (trained with or without supervision) and a much smaller amount of image-text pairs. Furthermore, our model has unique properties. Most notably, deploying a new version with updated training samples can be done in a matter of seconds. Additionally, the representations in the common space are easily interpretable as every dimension corresponds to the similarity of the input to a unique entry in the multimodal dataset. Experiments on standard zero-shot visual benchmarks demonstrate the typical transfer ability of image-text models. Overall, our method represents a simple yet surprisingly strong baseline for foundation multi-modal models, raising important questions on their data efficiency and on the role of retrieval in machine learning.}, author = {Norelli, Antonio and Fumero, Marco and Maiorca, Valentino and Moschella, Luca and Rodolà, Emanuele and Locatello, Francesco}, booktitle = {arXiv}, title = {{ASIF: Coupled data turns unimodal models to multimodal without training}}, doi = {10.48550/arXiv.2210.01738}, year = {2022}, } @article{9199, abstract = {We associate a certain tensor product lattice to any primitive integer lattice and ask about its typical shape. These lattices are related to the tangent bundle of Grassmannians and their study is motivated by Peyre's programme on "freeness" for rational points of bounded height on Fano varieties.}, author = {Browning, Timothy D and Horesh, Tal and Wilsch, Florian Alexander}, issn = {1944-7833}, journal = {Algebra & Number Theory}, number = {10}, pages = {2385--2407}, publisher = {Mathematical Sciences Publishers}, title = {{Equidistribution and freeness on Grassmannians}}, doi = {10.2140/ant.2022.16.2385}, volume = {16}, year = {2022}, } @article{9311, abstract = {Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) are standard models for dynamic systems with probabilistic and nondeterministic behaviour in uncertain environments. We prove that in POMDPs with long-run average objective, the decision maker has approximately optimal strategies with finite memory. This implies notably that approximating the long-run value is recursively enumerable, as well as a weak continuity property of the value with respect to the transition function. }, author = {Chatterjee, Krishnendu and Saona Urmeneta, Raimundo J and Ziliotto, Bruno}, issn = {1526-5471}, journal = {Mathematics of Operations Research}, keywords = {Management Science and Operations Research, General Mathematics, Computer Science Applications}, number = {1}, pages = {100--119}, publisher = {Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences}, title = {{Finite-memory strategies in POMDPs with long-run average objectives}}, doi = {10.1287/moor.2020.1116}, volume = {47}, year = {2022}, } @article{9364, abstract = {Let t : Fp → C be a complex valued function on Fp. A classical problem in analytic number theory is bounding the maximum M(t) := max 0≤H

0 there exists a large subset of a ∈ F×p such that for kl a,1,p : x → e((ax+x) / p) we have M(kla,1,p) ≥ (1−ε/√2π + o(1)) log log p, as p→∞. Finally, we prove a result on the growth of the moments of {M (kla,1,p)}a∈F×p. 2020 Mathematics Subject Classification: 11L03, 11T23 (Primary); 14F20, 60F10 (Secondary).}, author = {Bonolis, Dante}, issn = {1469-8064}, journal = {Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society}, number = {3}, pages = {563 -- 590}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{On the size of the maximum of incomplete Kloosterman sums}}, doi = {10.1017/S030500412100030X}, volume = {172}, year = {2022}, } @article{9649, abstract = {Isomanifolds are the generalization of isosurfaces to arbitrary dimension and codimension, i.e. manifolds defined as the zero set of some multivariate vector-valued smooth function f : Rd → Rd−n. A natural (and efficient) way to approximate an isomanifold is to consider its Piecewise-Linear (PL) approximation based on a triangulation T of the ambient space Rd. In this paper, we give conditions under which the PL-approximation of an isomanifold is topologically equivalent to the isomanifold. The conditions are easy to satisfy in the sense that they can always be met by taking a sufficiently fine triangulation T . This contrasts with previous results on the triangulation of manifolds where, in arbitrary dimensions, delicate perturbations are needed to guarantee topological correctness, which leads to strong limitations in practice. We further give a bound on the Fréchet distance between the original isomanifold and its PL-approximation. Finally we show analogous results for the PL-approximation of an isomanifold with boundary.}, author = {Boissonnat, Jean-Daniel and Wintraecken, Mathijs}, issn = {1615-3383}, journal = {Foundations of Computational Mathematics }, pages = {967--1012}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{The topological correctness of PL approximations of isomanifolds}}, doi = {10.1007/s10208-021-09520-0}, volume = {22}, year = {2022}, } @article{10016, abstract = {Auxin has always been at the forefront of research in plant physiology and development. Since the earliest contemplations by Julius von Sachs and Charles Darwin, more than a century-long struggle has been waged to understand its function. This largely reflects the failures, successes, and inevitable progress in the entire field of plant signaling and development. Here I present 14 stations on our long and sometimes mystical journey to understand auxin. These highlights were selected to give a flavor of the field and to show the scope and limits of our current knowledge. A special focus is put on features that make auxin unique among phytohormones, such as its dynamic, directional transport network, which integrates external and internal signals, including self-organizing feedback. Accented are persistent mysteries and controversies. The unexpected discoveries related to rapid auxin responses and growth regulation recently disturbed our contentment regarding understanding of the auxin signaling mechanism. These new revelations, along with advances in technology, usher us into a new, exciting era in auxin research. }, author = {Friml, Jiří}, issn = {1943-0264}, journal = {Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology}, number = {5}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, title = {{Fourteen stations of auxin}}, doi = {10.1101/cshperspect.a039859 }, volume = {14}, year = {2022}, } @article{10018, abstract = {In order to study integral points of bounded log-anticanonical height on weak del Pezzo surfaces, we classify weak del Pezzo pairs. As a representative example, we consider a quartic del Pezzo surface of singularity type A1 + A3 and prove an analogue of Manin's conjecture for integral points with respect to its singularities and its lines.}, author = {Derenthal, Ulrich and Wilsch, Florian Alexander}, issn = {1475-3030 }, journal = {Journal of the Institute of Mathematics of Jussieu}, keywords = {Integral points, del Pezzo surface, universal torsor, Manin’s conjecture}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, title = {{Integral points on singular del Pezzo surfaces}}, doi = {10.1017/S1474748022000482}, year = {2022}, } @article{10042, abstract = {SnSe has emerged as one of the most promising materials for thermoelectric energy conversion due to its extraordinary performance in its single-crystal form and its low-cost constituent elements. However, to achieve an economic impact, the polycrystalline counterpart needs to replicate the performance of the single crystal. Herein, we optimize the thermoelectric performance of polycrystalline SnSe produced by consolidating solution-processed and surface-engineered SnSe particles. In particular, the SnSe particles are coated with CdSe molecular complexes that crystallize during the sintering process, forming CdSe nanoparticles. The presence of CdSe nanoparticles inhibits SnSe grain growth during the consolidation step due to Zener pinning, yielding a material with a high density of grain boundaries. Moreover, the resulting SnSe–CdSe nanocomposites present a large number of defects at different length scales, which significantly reduce the thermal conductivity. The produced SnSe–CdSe nanocomposites exhibit thermoelectric figures of merit up to 2.2 at 786 K, which is among the highest reported for solution-processed SnSe.}, author = {Liu, Yu and Calcabrini, Mariano and Yu, Yuan and Lee, Seungho and Chang, Cheng and David, Jérémy and Ghosh, Tanmoy and Spadaro, Maria Chiara and Xie, Chenyang and Cojocaru-Mirédin, Oana and Arbiol, Jordi and Ibáñez, Maria}, issn = {1936-086X}, journal = {ACS Nano}, keywords = {tin selenide, nanocomposite, grain growth, Zener pinning, thermoelectricity, annealing, solution processing}, number = {1}, pages = {78--88}, publisher = {American Chemical Society }, title = {{Defect engineering in solution-processed polycrystalline SnSe leads to high thermoelectric performance}}, doi = {10.1021/acsnano.1c06720}, volume = {16}, year = {2022}, } @article{10182, abstract = {The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system is central to cellular metabolism. It comprises five enzymatic complexes and two mobile electron carriers that work in a mitochondrial respiratory chain. By coupling the oxidation of reducing equivalents coming into mitochondria to the generation and subsequent dissipation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane, this electron transport chain drives the production of ATP, which is then used as a primary energy carrier in virtually all cellular processes. Minimal perturbations of the respiratory chain activity are linked to diseases; therefore, it is necessary to understand how these complexes are assembled and regulated and how they function. In this Review, we outline the latest assembly models for each individual complex, and we also highlight the recent discoveries indicating that the formation of larger assemblies, known as respiratory supercomplexes, originates from the association of the intermediates of individual complexes. We then discuss how recent cryo-electron microscopy structures have been key to answering open questions on the function of the electron transport chain in mitochondrial respiration and how supercomplexes and other factors, including metabolites, can regulate the activity of the single complexes. When relevant, we discuss how these mechanisms contribute to physiology and outline their deregulation in human diseases.}, author = {Vercellino, Irene and Sazanov, Leonid A}, issn = {1471-0080}, journal = {Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology}, pages = {141–161}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, title = {{The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain}}, doi = {10.1038/s41580-021-00415-0}, volume = {23}, year = {2022}, }