---
_id: '13993'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Photoionization is a process taking place on attosecond time scales. How its
    properties evolve from isolated particles to the condensed phase is an open question
    of both fundamental and practical relevance. Here, we review recent work that
    has advanced the study of photoionization dynamics from atoms to molecules, clusters
    and the liquid phase. The first measurements of molecular photoionization delays
    have revealed the attosecond dynamics of electron emission from a molecular shape
    resonance and their sensitivity to the molecular potential. Using electron-ion
    coincidence spectroscopy these measurements have been extended from isolated molecules
    to clusters. A continuous increase of the delays with the water-cluster size has
    been observed up to a size of 4-5 molecules, followed by a saturation towards
    larger clusters. Comparison with calculations has revealed a correlation of the
    time delay with the spatial extension of the created electron hole. Using cylindrical
    liquid-microjet techniques, these measurements have also been extended to liquid
    water, revealing a delay relative to isolated water molecules that was very similar
    to the largest water clusters studied. Detailed modeling based on Monte-Carlo
    simulations confirmed that these delays are dominated by the contributions of
    the first two solvation shells, which agrees with the results of the cluster measurements.
    These combined results open the perspective of experimentally characterizing the
    delocalization of electronic wave functions in complex systems and studying their
    evolution on attosecond time scales.
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Xiaochun
  full_name: Gong, Xiaochun
  last_name: Gong
- first_name: Inga
  full_name: Jordan, Inga
  last_name: Jordan
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Huppert, Martin
  last_name: Huppert
- first_name: Saijoscha
  full_name: Heck, Saijoscha
  last_name: Heck
- first_name: Denitsa Rangelova
  full_name: Baykusheva, Denitsa Rangelova
  id: 71b4d059-2a03-11ee-914d-dfa3beed6530
  last_name: Baykusheva
- first_name: Denis
  full_name: Jelovina, Denis
  last_name: Jelovina
- first_name: Axel
  full_name: Schild, Axel
  last_name: Schild
- first_name: Hans Jakob
  full_name: Wörner, Hans Jakob
  last_name: Wörner
citation:
  ama: 'Gong X, Jordan I, Huppert M, et al. Attosecond photoionization dynamics: from
    molecules over clusters to the liquid phase. <i>Chimia</i>. 2022;76(6):520-528.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520">10.2533/chimia.2022.520</a>'
  apa: 'Gong, X., Jordan, I., Huppert, M., Heck, S., Baykusheva, D. R., Jelovina,
    D., … Wörner, H. J. (2022). Attosecond photoionization dynamics: from molecules
    over clusters to the liquid phase. <i>Chimia</i>. Swiss Chemical Society. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520">https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520</a>'
  chicago: 'Gong, Xiaochun, Inga Jordan, Martin Huppert, Saijoscha Heck, Denitsa Rangelova
    Baykusheva, Denis Jelovina, Axel Schild, and Hans Jakob Wörner. “Attosecond Photoionization
    Dynamics: From Molecules over Clusters to the Liquid Phase.” <i>Chimia</i>. Swiss
    Chemical Society, 2022. <a href="https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520">https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520</a>.'
  ieee: 'X. Gong <i>et al.</i>, “Attosecond photoionization dynamics: from molecules
    over clusters to the liquid phase,” <i>Chimia</i>, vol. 76, no. 6. Swiss Chemical
    Society, pp. 520–528, 2022.'
  ista: 'Gong X, Jordan I, Huppert M, Heck S, Baykusheva DR, Jelovina D, Schild A,
    Wörner HJ. 2022. Attosecond photoionization dynamics: from molecules over clusters
    to the liquid phase. Chimia. 76(6), 520–528.'
  mla: 'Gong, Xiaochun, et al. “Attosecond Photoionization Dynamics: From Molecules
    over Clusters to the Liquid Phase.” <i>Chimia</i>, vol. 76, no. 6, Swiss Chemical
    Society, 2022, pp. 520–28, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520">10.2533/chimia.2022.520</a>.'
  short: X. Gong, I. Jordan, M. Huppert, S. Heck, D.R. Baykusheva, D. Jelovina, A.
    Schild, H.J. Wörner, Chimia 76 (2022) 520–528.
date_created: 2023-08-09T13:08:15Z
date_published: 2022-06-29T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-22T07:26:39Z
day: '29'
doi: 10.2533/chimia.2022.520
extern: '1'
intvolume: '        76'
issue: '6'
keyword:
- General Medicine
- General Chemistry
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2022.520
month: '06'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
page: 520-528
publication: Chimia
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2673-2424
  issn:
  - 0009-4293
publication_status: published
publisher: Swiss Chemical Society
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: 'Attosecond photoionization dynamics: from molecules over clusters to the liquid
  phase'
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 76
year: '2022'
...