---
_id: '9815'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: The quantum bits (qubits) on which superconducting quantum computers are based
    have energy scales corresponding to photons with GHz frequencies. The energy of
    photons in the gigahertz domain is too low to allow transmission through the noisy
    room-temperature environment, where the signal would be lost in thermal noise.
    Optical photons, on the other hand, have much higher energies, and signals can
    be detected using highly efficient single-photon detectors. Transduction from
    microwave to optical frequencies is therefore a potential enabling technology
    for quantum devices. However, in such a device the optical pump can be a source
    of thermal noise and thus degrade the fidelity; the similarity of input microwave
    state to the output optical state. In order to investigate the magnitude of this
    effect we model the sub-Kelvin thermal behavior of an electro-optic transducer
    based on a lithium niobate whispering gallery mode resonator. We find that there
    is an optimum power level for a continuous pump, whilst pulsed operation of the
    pump increases the fidelity of the conversion.
acknowledgement: NJL is supported by the MBIE Endeavour Fund (UOOX1805) and GL is
  by the Julius von Haast Fellowship of New Zealand. SM acknowledges stimulating discussions
  with T M Jensen.
article_number: '045005'
article_processing_charge: Yes
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Sonia
  full_name: Mobassem, Sonia
  last_name: Mobassem
- first_name: Nicholas J.
  full_name: Lambert, Nicholas J.
  last_name: Lambert
- first_name: Alfredo R
  full_name: Rueda Sanchez, Alfredo R
  id: 3B82B0F8-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Rueda Sanchez
  orcid: 0000-0001-6249-5860
- first_name: Johannes M
  full_name: Fink, Johannes M
  id: 4B591CBA-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Fink
  orcid: 0000-0001-8112-028X
- first_name: Gerd
  full_name: Leuchs, Gerd
  last_name: Leuchs
- first_name: Harald G.L.
  full_name: Schwefel, Harald G.L.
  last_name: Schwefel
citation:
  ama: Mobassem S, Lambert NJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Fink JM, Leuchs G, Schwefel HGL.
    Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures. <i>Quantum Science
    and Technology</i>. 2021;6(4). doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36">10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>
  apa: Mobassem, S., Lambert, N. J., Rueda Sanchez, A. R., Fink, J. M., Leuchs, G.,
    &#38; Schwefel, H. G. L. (2021). Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic
    temperatures. <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP Publishing. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>
  chicago: Mobassem, Sonia, Nicholas J. Lambert, Alfredo R Rueda Sanchez, Johannes
    M Fink, Gerd Leuchs, and Harald G.L. Schwefel. “Thermal Noise in Electro-Optic
    Devices at Cryogenic Temperatures.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>. IOP
    Publishing, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36">https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>.
  ieee: S. Mobassem, N. J. Lambert, A. R. Rueda Sanchez, J. M. Fink, G. Leuchs, and
    H. G. L. Schwefel, “Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures,”
    <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 6, no. 4. IOP Publishing, 2021.
  ista: Mobassem S, Lambert NJ, Rueda Sanchez AR, Fink JM, Leuchs G, Schwefel HGL.
    2021. Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures. Quantum
    Science and Technology. 6(4), 045005.
  mla: Mobassem, Sonia, et al. “Thermal Noise in Electro-Optic Devices at Cryogenic
    Temperatures.” <i>Quantum Science and Technology</i>, vol. 6, no. 4, 045005, IOP
    Publishing, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36">10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36</a>.
  short: S. Mobassem, N.J. Lambert, A.R. Rueda Sanchez, J.M. Fink, G. Leuchs, H.G.L.
    Schwefel, Quantum Science and Technology 6 (2021).
date_created: 2021-08-08T22:01:25Z
date_published: 2021-07-15T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-10-17T12:54:54Z
day: '15'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: JoFi
doi: 10.1088/2058-9565/ac0f36
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2008.08764'
  isi:
  - '000673081500001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: b15c2c228487a75002c3b52d56f23d5c
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: cchlebak
  date_created: 2021-08-09T12:23:13Z
  date_updated: 2021-08-09T12:23:13Z
  file_id: '9836'
  file_name: 2021_QuantumScienceTechnology_Mobassem.pdf
  file_size: 2366118
  relation: main_file
file_date_updated: 2021-08-09T12:23:13Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         6'
isi: 1
issue: '4'
language:
- iso: eng
month: '07'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: Quantum Science and Technology
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2058-9565
publication_status: published
publisher: IOP Publishing
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Thermal noise in electro-optic devices at cryogenic temperatures
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 2DF688A6-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 6
year: '2021'
...