---
_id: '8911'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: "In the worldwide endeavor for disruptive quantum technologies, germanium
    is emerging as a versatile material to realize devices capable of encoding, processing,
    or transmitting quantum information. These devices leverage special properties
    of the germanium valence-band states, commonly known as holes, such as their inherently
    strong spin-orbit coupling and the ability to host superconducting pairing correlations.
    In this Review, we initially introduce the physics of holes in low-dimensional
    germanium structures with key insights from a theoretical perspective. We then
    examine the material science progress underpinning germanium-based planar heterostructures
    and nanowires. We review the most significant experimental results demonstrating
    key building blocks for quantum technology, such as an electrically driven universal
    quantum gate set with spin qubits in quantum dots and superconductor-semiconductor
    devices for hybrid quantum systems. We conclude by identifying the most promising
    prospects\r\ntoward scalable quantum information processing. "
acknowledgement: "G.S., M.W.,F.A.Z acknowledge financial support from The Netherlands
  Organization for Scientific Research (NWO). F.Z., D.L., G.K. acknowledge funding
  from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grand
  Agreement Nr. 862046. G.K. acknowledges funding from FP7 ERC Starting Grant 335497,
  FWF Y 715-N30, FWF P-30207. S.D. acknowledges support from the European Union’s
  Horizon 2020 program under Grant\r\nAgreement No. 81050 and from the Agence Nationale
  de la Recherche through the TOPONANO and CMOSQSPIN projects. J.Z. acknowledges support
  from the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2016YFA0301701) and Strategic
  Priority Research Program of CAS (Grant No. XDB30000000). D.L. and C.K. acknowledge
  the Swiss National Science Foundation and NCCR QSIT."
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
arxiv: 1
author:
- first_name: Giordano
  full_name: Scappucci, Giordano
  last_name: Scappucci
- first_name: Christoph
  full_name: Kloeffel, Christoph
  last_name: Kloeffel
- first_name: Floris A.
  full_name: Zwanenburg, Floris A.
  last_name: Zwanenburg
- first_name: Daniel
  full_name: Loss, Daniel
  last_name: Loss
- first_name: Maksym
  full_name: Myronov, Maksym
  last_name: Myronov
- first_name: Jian-Jun
  full_name: Zhang, Jian-Jun
  last_name: Zhang
- first_name: Silvano De
  full_name: Franceschi, Silvano De
  last_name: Franceschi
- first_name: Georgios
  full_name: Katsaros, Georgios
  id: 38DB5788-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
  last_name: Katsaros
  orcid: 0000-0001-8342-202X
- first_name: Menno
  full_name: Veldhorst, Menno
  last_name: Veldhorst
citation:
  ama: Scappucci G, Kloeffel C, Zwanenburg FA, et al. The germanium quantum information
    route. <i>Nature Reviews Materials</i>. 2021;6:926–943. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z">10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>
  apa: Scappucci, G., Kloeffel, C., Zwanenburg, F. A., Loss, D., Myronov, M., Zhang,
    J.-J., … Veldhorst, M. (2021). The germanium quantum information route. <i>Nature
    Reviews Materials</i>. Springer Nature. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>
  chicago: Scappucci, Giordano, Christoph Kloeffel, Floris A. Zwanenburg, Daniel Loss,
    Maksym Myronov, Jian-Jun Zhang, Silvano De Franceschi, Georgios Katsaros, and
    Menno Veldhorst. “The Germanium Quantum Information Route.” <i>Nature Reviews
    Materials</i>. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>.
  ieee: G. Scappucci <i>et al.</i>, “The germanium quantum information route,” <i>Nature
    Reviews Materials</i>, vol. 6. Springer Nature, pp. 926–943, 2021.
  ista: Scappucci G, Kloeffel C, Zwanenburg FA, Loss D, Myronov M, Zhang J-J, Franceschi
    SD, Katsaros G, Veldhorst M. 2021. The germanium quantum information route. Nature
    Reviews Materials. 6, 926–943.
  mla: Scappucci, Giordano, et al. “The Germanium Quantum Information Route.” <i>Nature
    Reviews Materials</i>, vol. 6, Springer Nature, 2021, pp. 926–943, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z">10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z</a>.
  short: G. Scappucci, C. Kloeffel, F.A. Zwanenburg, D. Loss, M. Myronov, J.-J. Zhang,
    S.D. Franceschi, G. Katsaros, M. Veldhorst, Nature Reviews Materials 6 (2021)
    926–943.
date_created: 2020-12-02T10:52:51Z
date_published: 2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2024-03-07T14:48:57Z
day: '01'
department:
- _id: GeKa
doi: 10.1038/s41578-020-00262-z
ec_funded: 1
external_id:
  arxiv:
  - '2004.08133'
  isi:
  - '000600826100003'
intvolume: '         6'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
main_file_link:
- open_access: '1'
  url: https://arxiv.org/abs/2004.08133
month: '10'
oa: 1
oa_version: Preprint
page: '926–943 '
project:
- _id: 25517E86-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FP7
  grant_number: '335497'
  name: Towards Spin qubits and Majorana fermions in Germanium selfassembled hut-wires
- _id: 2552F888-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: Y00715
  name: Loch Spin-Qubits und Majorana-Fermionen in Germanium
- _id: 2641CE5E-B435-11E9-9278-68D0E5697425
  call_identifier: FWF
  grant_number: P30207
  name: Hole spin orbit qubits in Ge quantum wells
publication: Nature Reviews Materials
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2058-8437
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: The germanium quantum information route
type: journal_article
user_id: 3E5EF7F0-F248-11E8-B48F-1D18A9856A87
volume: 6
year: '2021'
...