---
_id: '9255'
abstract:
- lang: eng
  text: Our ability to trust that a random number is truly random is essential for
    fields as diverse as cryptography and fundamental tests of quantum mechanics.
    Existing solutions both come with drawbacks—device-independent quantum random
    number generators (QRNGs) are highly impractical and standard semi-device-independent
    QRNGs are limited to a specific physical implementation and level of trust. Here
    we propose a framework for semi-device-independent randomness certification, using
    a source of trusted vacuum in the form of a signal shutter. It employs a flexible
    set of assumptions and levels of trust, allowing it to be applied in a wide range
    of physical scenarios involving both quantum and classical entropy sources. We
    experimentally demonstrate our protocol with a photonic setup and generate secure
    random bits under three different assumptions with varying degrees of security
    and resulting data rates.
acknowledgement: We would like to thank Robert Fickler for discussions about the experimental
  realization and Marek Sýs for running the NIST randomness test on the data we acquired
  in the experiment. We would like to thank Ugo Zanforlin, Gerald Buller, Daniel White,
  and Cristian Bonato for their help with the experiment. M. Pivoluska, M. Plesch,
  and M.M. acknowledge Czech-Austrian project MultiQUEST (I3053-N27 and GF17-33780L).
  M. Pivoluska and M. Plesch additionally acknowledge the support of VEGA project
  2/0136/19. M.F. acknowledges support from the Polish NCN grant Sonata UMO-2014/14/E/ST2/00020,
  the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research
  and innovation program ERC AdG CERQUTE (grant agreement No 834266), the State Research
  Agency (AEI) TRANQI (PID2019-106888GB-I00/10.13039/501100011033), the Government
  of Spain (FIS2020-TRANQI; Severo Ochoa CEX2019-000910-S), Fundació Cellex, Fundació
  Mir-Puig, and Generalitat de Catalunya (CERCA, AGAUR). M.M., W.M., N.H.V., and C.F.
  acknowledge support from the QuantERA ERA-NET Co-fund (FWF Project I3773-N36) and
  the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) (EP/P024114/1).
article_number: '50'
article_processing_charge: No
article_type: original
author:
- first_name: Matej
  full_name: Pivoluska, Matej
  last_name: Pivoluska
- first_name: Martin
  full_name: Plesch, Martin
  last_name: Plesch
- first_name: Máté
  full_name: Farkas, Máté
  last_name: Farkas
- first_name: Natalia
  full_name: Ruzickova, Natalia
  id: D2761128-D73D-11E9-A1BF-BA0DE6697425
  last_name: Ruzickova
- first_name: Clara
  full_name: Flegel, Clara
  last_name: Flegel
- first_name: Natalia Herrera
  full_name: Valencia, Natalia Herrera
  last_name: Valencia
- first_name: Will
  full_name: Mccutcheon, Will
  last_name: Mccutcheon
- first_name: Mehul
  full_name: Malik, Mehul
  last_name: Malik
- first_name: Edgar A.
  full_name: Aguilar, Edgar A.
  last_name: Aguilar
citation:
  ama: Pivoluska M, Plesch M, Farkas M, et al. Semi-device-independent random number
    generation with flexible assumptions. <i>npj Quantum Information</i>. 2021;7.
    doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1">10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1</a>
  apa: Pivoluska, M., Plesch, M., Farkas, M., Ruzickova, N., Flegel, C., Valencia,
    N. H., … Aguilar, E. A. (2021). Semi-device-independent random number generation
    with flexible assumptions. <i>Npj Quantum Information</i>. Springer Nature. <a
    href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1</a>
  chicago: Pivoluska, Matej, Martin Plesch, Máté Farkas, Natalia Ruzickova, Clara
    Flegel, Natalia Herrera Valencia, Will Mccutcheon, Mehul Malik, and Edgar A. Aguilar.
    “Semi-Device-Independent Random Number Generation with Flexible Assumptions.”
    <i>Npj Quantum Information</i>. Springer Nature, 2021. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1</a>.
  ieee: M. Pivoluska <i>et al.</i>, “Semi-device-independent random number generation
    with flexible assumptions,” <i>npj Quantum Information</i>, vol. 7. Springer Nature,
    2021.
  ista: Pivoluska M, Plesch M, Farkas M, Ruzickova N, Flegel C, Valencia NH, Mccutcheon
    W, Malik M, Aguilar EA. 2021. Semi-device-independent random number generation
    with flexible assumptions. npj Quantum Information. 7, 50.
  mla: Pivoluska, Matej, et al. “Semi-Device-Independent Random Number Generation
    with Flexible Assumptions.” <i>Npj Quantum Information</i>, vol. 7, 50, Springer
    Nature, 2021, doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1">10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1</a>.
  short: M. Pivoluska, M. Plesch, M. Farkas, N. Ruzickova, C. Flegel, N.H. Valencia,
    W. Mccutcheon, M. Malik, E.A. Aguilar, Npj Quantum Information 7 (2021).
date_created: 2021-03-21T23:01:19Z
date_published: 2021-03-15T00:00:00Z
date_updated: 2023-08-07T14:17:26Z
day: '15'
ddc:
- '530'
department:
- _id: FyKo
doi: 10.1038/s41534-021-00387-1
external_id:
  isi:
  - '000629173100001'
file:
- access_level: open_access
  checksum: 26d3f2a2c8c8fa8c1002028326b45f64
  content_type: application/pdf
  creator: dernst
  date_created: 2021-03-22T11:09:34Z
  date_updated: 2021-03-22T11:09:34Z
  file_id: '9274'
  file_name: 2021_NPJQuantumInformation_Pivoluska.pdf
  file_size: 1360271
  relation: main_file
  success: 1
file_date_updated: 2021-03-22T11:09:34Z
has_accepted_license: '1'
intvolume: '         7'
isi: 1
language:
- iso: eng
month: '03'
oa: 1
oa_version: Published Version
publication: npj Quantum Information
publication_identifier:
  eissn:
  - 2056-6387
publication_status: published
publisher: Springer Nature
quality_controlled: '1'
scopus_import: '1'
status: public
title: Semi-device-independent random number generation with flexible assumptions
tmp:
  image: /images/cc_by.png
  legal_code_url: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
  name: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0)
  short: CC BY (4.0)
type: journal_article
user_id: 4359f0d1-fa6c-11eb-b949-802e58b17ae8
volume: 7
year: '2021'
...